Phosphonium salts derivatives

ABSTRACT

There are provided compounds of formulas (VA), (VIA), (VIIA) (IXA), (XIA), (XIIA), (XIIIA), and (XIVA): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             wherein A, Z, R 2 , X − , and L 2  represent various different possibilities.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application No. PCT/CA2005/000523 filed on Apr. 6, 2005, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/560,592 filed on Apr. 9, 2004. The above-mentioned applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to improvements in the field organic chemistry. In particular, this invention relates to novel chemicals and more particularly to novel supports, solubility controlling auxiliaries and reagents.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Tremendous effort has been made during the last decades to develop novel supports to facilitate organic synthesis. These supports have been used not only to carry out multi-step organic synthesis of organic molecules (Horton, D. A.; Bourne, G. T.; Smythe, M. L., Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 893-930; and Benaglia, M.; Puglisi, A.; Cozzi, F., Chem. Rev. 2003, 3401-3429) but also to bind catalysts, reagents and scavengers to facilitate the purification process of a product or to facilitate the recovery of a potentially expensive catalyst or reagent (Kirschning, A.; Monenschein, H.; Wittenberg, R. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 650-679). Various strategies that have been used are detailed within the next paragraphs.

A first approach initiated by Merrifield (Merrifield, R. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 2149) was to use functionalized cross-linked, insoluble polymers. This solid-phase technology revolutionized the polypeptide and polynucleotide synthesis and was soon employed to develop solid-supported reagents and catalysts (Shuttleworth, S. J.; Allin, S. M.; Sharma, P. K., Synthesis 1997, 1217-1239; Bhalay, G.; Dunstan, A.; Glen, A., Synthesis 2000, 1846-1859). The main advantages of this solid-phase methodology are the ease of separation of the supported species from the reaction mixture and the high loadings allowed in the preparation of the functionalized polymer. However, the major drawback is the lower reactivity of the solid-supported reagent compared to that observed for the corresponding homogeneous reaction because of limited diffusion of the substrate into the polymer backbone. Therefore, an excess of reagent or scavenger must usually be used to force the reaction to completion. Furthermore, the synthesis of the functionalized polymer may be sometimes troublesome since reactive functionality has to be introduced on the polymer backbone.

Silica bound scavengers or reagents have been developed (Heckel, A.; Seebach, D. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 163-165). The silica rigid and non-swelling backbone eliminates solvent compatibility and kinetic issues. Nevertheless these reagents are more difficult to produce due to loading control issue and the difficulty in characterizing the silica gel once prepared.

As an attempt to restore the classical homogeneous organic chemistry conditions, the replacement of insoluble resins by a soluble polymer support became a popular modification (Dickerson, T. J.; Reed, N. N.; Janda, K. D., Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3325-3344; and Bergbreiter, D. E., Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3345-3384). The non-cross linked support is typically soluble is some solvents and insoluble in others. However, the difficulties associated with this solution-phase technique were to obtain a reasonable loading capacity of the reagent since higher loadings usually led to unpredictable solubility properties. The ability to isolate the polymer cleanly from all the other components at the end of a reaction can also be a problem.

Among the soluble polymers: polyethylene polyethylene glycols (PEGs) (Han, H.; Janda, K. D., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7632-7633; and Yao, Q. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3896-3898) and non cross-linked polystyrene (NCLP) (Enholm, E. J.; Gallagher, M. E.; Moran, K. M.; Lombardi, J. S.; Schulte II, J. P., Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 689-691; and Charette, A. B.; Boezio, A. A.; Janes, M. K., Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3777-3779) have been by far the most widely used for the recovery and the recycling of reagent or catalyst.

A recent approach used solid-support derived from ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) (Barrett, A. G. M.; Hopkins, B. T.; Köbberling, J. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3301-3324). Typically, the key transformations are conducted in solution to afford the monomer. A subsequent ring-opening metathesis polymerization using expensive ruthenium catalysts gives a polymer witch can be easily modified and optimized. Thus, the polymer could be prepared as either soluble or insoluble species. Nevertheless the functional groups compatible with the metathesis are limited and the need to precipitate selectively the polymer remains a major issues that requires extensive optimization.

A complementary approach involves linking of a catalyst or reagent on a dendrimeric structure (Ji, B. M.; Yuan, Y.; Ding, K. L.; Meng, A. B., Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 5989-5996; Lu, S. M.; Alper, H., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 13126-13131; and Garber, S. B.; Kingsbury, J. S.; Gray, B. L.; Hoveyda, A. H., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 8168-8179). One advantage is that the catalyst can be easily recovered and potentially reused, however, the synthetic sequence to build the dendrimeric structure is most of the times quite tedious since lengthy organic reaction sequences are usually required to build up the optimal system.

Another area is the ionic liquid chemistry (Tzschucke, C. C.; Markert, C.; Bannwarth, W.; Roller, S.; Hebel, A.; Haag, R. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3964-4000). These liquids are prepared by alkylation of the corresponding pyridine, imidazole, amine or phosphine with an alkyl halide to form the pyridinium, imidazolium, ammonium or the phosphonium salt. Then, the desired anion is installed by ion exchange with the alkali salt or by using an ion-exchange resin. This modification allows modulation of the solubility properties and melting point of the ionic liquid. The most popular ionic liquid is the [BMIM]⁺[X]⁻ (BMIM=1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, X=OTf, BF₄, PF₆, SbF₆). As ionic liquids are highly polar and non-coordinating solvent, they dissolve easily transition-metal complexes mainly without changing their properties. Thus, the principal ionic liquids application is the domain of the recoverable catalyst. The ionic liquid phase can be reused and ligands bearing an ionic group can easily be designed. However most of reactant species must be solubilize in the ionic liquid by addition of a co-solvent or by heating. At the end of a reaction, product extraction could be difficult and the catalyst could leach out of the ionic liquid into the organic layer.

The fluorous phase is another useful alternative (Curran, D. P. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1174-1196). Reactants and catalysts can be labeled with a certain number of fluorine atoms to stay in the fluorous phase. Perfluoro protecting groups have been developed, allowing a substrate to be temporarily tagged for its purification on a fluorous reverse-phase column or to be soluble in the fluorous phase. Even if a co-solvent or a hybrid solvent (organic solvent bearing few fluorine atoms) are added to adjust the solubility, this methodology remain somewhat specific since the molecules must bear a number of fluorine atoms.

Reagents bearing basic or acidic moieties have also been developed. The major drawback from this system comes from the presence of a relatively reactive group (acid or basic) within the reagent and they have not been used that much in synthesis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a support which would overcome the drawbacks of the prior art.

According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided the use of a compound of formula (I):

wherein

-   -   A is selected from the group consisting of furyl, phenyl,         pyridyl, naphthyl, and thiophenyl; and     -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a         halogen atom, —OH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, —SH, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈         alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀         aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl,         C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl;

as a solubility controlling auxiliary.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided the use of a compound of formula (II):

wherein

-   -   A is selected from the group consisting of furyl, phenyl,         pyridyl, naphthyl, and thiophenyl;     -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a         halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈         alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₆         aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,         C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl;     -   L¹ is a linker; and     -   X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻,         ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, RuO₄ ⁻, N(SO₂CF₃)₂ ⁻,         CF₃SO₃ ⁻ (or triflate or TfO—), a conjugate base of an organic         acid, an acetate and, an amino acid carboxylate,

as a solubility controlling auxiliary.

According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided the use of a compound of formula (I), as previously defined, for controlling solubility of a molecule. The molecule is attached to the phosphorus atom of the compound of formula (I) or to a linker attached to the phosphorus atom.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided the use of a compound of formula (I), as previously defined, as a solubility controlling fragment of a molecule. The compound of formula (I) being attached to the rest of the molecule by the phosphorus atom.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided the use of a compound of formula (II), as previously defined, as a solubility controlling fragment of a molecule. The compound of formula (II) being attached to the rest of the molecule by means of the linker L¹.

Applicants have found that by using a compound of formula (I) or (II), it is possible to provide an efficient and simple support which has a good loading capacity. Such a support is also particularly interesting since it has a substantially low molecular weight and it can be used in various reaction media. Applicants have also found that compounds of formula (I) and (II) can be used as efficient solubility controlling auxiliaries which are covalently bonded to a substrate or molecule. These solubility controlling auxiliaries which can act as soluble supports thus offer an efficient alternative in organic synthesis. In fact, they permit to overcome the major drawbacks of the soluble supports of the prior art.

According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for controlling the solubility of a molecule, comprising the step of attaching the molecule to a compound of formula (I), as previously defined. The molecule is attached to the phosphorus atom of the compound of formula (I).

According to still a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for controlling the solubility of a molecule, comprising the step of attaching the molecule to a compound of formula (II), as previously defined. The molecule is attached to the linker L¹.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for using a compound of formula (I), as previously defined, the method comprises the step of attaching a molecule to the phosphorus atom of the compound of formula (I) so as to control the solubility of the molecule.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for using a compound of formula (II), as previously defined, the method comprises the step of attaching a molecule to the linker of the compound of formula (I) so as to control the solubility of the molecule.

Applicants have found that by using any one of the above methods, it is possible to control the solubility of a molecule or a substrate by using a compound of formula (I) or (II). Such methods are efficient since using a simple auxiliary which can be used in various reaction mediums.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for carrying out a chemical reaction comprising the step of using a compound of formula (I), as previously defined, as a solubility controlling auxiliary.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for carrying out a chemical reaction comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) attaching a substrate on a solubility controlling auxiliary         of formula (I), as previously defined, the substrate being         attached to the phosphorus atom of the compound of formula (I)         or to a linker attached to the phosphorus atom;     -   b) chemically modifying the substrate so as to obtain a         chemically modified substrate attached to the solubility         controlling auxiliary and     -   c) cleaving the chemically modified substrate from the         solubility controlling auxiliary.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for carrying out a chemical reaction comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) providing a compound of formula (I), as previously defined,         the compound of formula (I) having a substrate attached to the         phosphorus atom;     -   b) solubilizing the compound of formula (I) having the substrate         attached thereto, in a first solvent so as to obtain a solution;     -   c) chemically modifying the substrate;     -   d) adding a second solvent to the solution so as to cause the         compound of formula (I) having the chemically modified substrate         attached thereto to precipitate; and     -   e) separating the precipitate from the solution, thereby         isolating the compound of formula (I) having the chemically         modified substrate attached thereto.

Step (e) is preferably carried out by filtering the precipitate from the solution. The method can further comprises the step of cleaving the chemically modified substrate from the compound of formula (I) and recovering the chemically modified substrate and the compound of formula (I). The chemically modified substrate and the compound of formula (I) can be separately isolated and/or purified.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for carrying out a chemical reaction comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) providing a compound of formula (IIIB);

-   -   -   wherein             -   A is selected from the group consisting of furyl,                 phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, and thiophenyl;             -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen                 atom, a halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆                 alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈                 alkenyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl,                 C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl and C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂                 heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl;             -   L² is a linker or a chemical bond;             -   X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of F⁻, Cl⁻,                 Br⁻, I⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, RuO₄                 ⁻, N(SO₂CF₃)₂ ⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻, a conjugate base of an                 organic acid, an acetate and, an amino acid carboxylate;         -   the substrate being a chemical substrate to be modified;

    -   b) solubilizing the compound of formula (IIIB) in a first         solvent so as to obtain a solution;

    -   c) chemically modifying the substrate so as to obtain a compound         of formula (IV):

-   -   d) adding a second solvent to the solution so as to cause the         compound of formula (IV) to precipitate;     -   e) separating the precipitate from the solution, thereby         isolating the compound of formula (IV).

Step (e) is preferably carried out by filtering the precipitate from the solution. The method can further comprises the step of cleaving the modified substrate from the phosphorus atom or from the linker and recovering the modified substrate. The modified substrate is preferably isolated and/or purified. The method can further comprises the step of recovering a compound of formula (II):

wherein R¹, A, X⁻ and L² are as previously defined, or another salt thereof.

Applicants have found that by using the above mentioned methods for carrying out a chemical reaction, it is possible to use a compound of formula (I) or a derivative thereof as a support. By attaching a substrate on the phosphorus atom or to a linker attached to the phosphorus atom of a compound of formula (I) or a derivative thereof, it is possible to carry out various chemical reactions by avoiding tedious tasks usually necessary in organic chemistry. In fact, by doing so, chemical reactions can be done similarly then when performing a reaction on a solid support such as a resin. However, in the above mentioned methods, the support is a solubility controlling auxiliary which is simple and which has a substantially low molecular weight and a good loading capacity. Moreover, the solubility controlling auxiliary can be recycled.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a compound of formula (V) (VI) or (VII):

wherein

-   -   A and Z are the same or different, each represents a furyl,         phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, or a thiophenyl;     -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a         halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈         alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀         aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl,         C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl;     -   R² is Br, N₃, OH, CH₂OH, COOH, CHO, CH═CH₂, a linking moiety or         a chemical reagent;     -   X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻,         ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, RuO₄ ⁻, N(SO₂CF₃)₂ ⁻,         CF₃SO₃ ⁻, a conjugate base of an organic acid, an acetate and,         an amino acid carboxylate;     -   L² is a linker or a chemical bond; and     -   n is an integer having a value of 0 to 6.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a compound of formula (IX) or (X):

wherein

-   -   A and Z are the same or different, each represents a furyl,         phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, or a thiophenyl;     -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a         halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈         alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀         aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl,         C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl;     -   R² is Br, N₃, OH, CH₂OH, COOH, CHO, CH═CH₂, a linking moiety or         a chemical reagent;     -   X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻,         ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, RuO₄ ⁻, N(SO₂CF₃)₂ ⁻,         CF₃SO₃ ⁻, a conjugate base of an organic acid, an acetate and,         an amino acid carboxylate; and     -   L² is a linker or a chemical bond.

According to another aspect there is provided a compound of formula (XI) (XII) or (XIII):

wherein

-   -   A represents a furyl, phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, or a         thiophenyl;     -   R¹ and R¹⁰ are same or different and selected from the group         consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —OMe,         —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈         alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈         cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆         hydroxyalkyl; and     -   X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻,         ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, RuO₄ ⁻, N(SO₂CF₃)₂ ⁻,         CF₃SO₃ ⁻, a conjugate base of an organic acid, an acetate and,         an amino acid carboxylate,

an optically active isomer thereof, or a racemic mixture thereof.

It was found that the compounds of formulas (V) to (XIII) are very useful in organic synthesis and they permits to carry out chemical reactions in a simplified manner. In fact, these phosphonium supported reagents offer an alternative manner to carry out traditional reactions by avoiding several tedious tasks of organic synthesis. In particular, purification steps and steps related to elimination of by-products can be considerably simplified by using such compounds. Moreover, these compounds have an efficient loading capacity and can be easily prepared.

The expression “solubility controlling auxiliary” as used herein refers to an auxiliary or a molecule which can be covalently bonded to at least one other molecule in order to control the solubility of the other molecule. Preferably, the solubility controlling auxiliaries of the present invention are soluble supports. In certain conditions, the auxiliary and the other molecule attached thereto are soluble in a solvent and in other conditions, the auxiliary and the other molecule attached thereto precipitate in the solvent.

The term “alkyl” as used herein refers to a straight or branched alkyl. The alkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl.

The term “aryl” has used herein refers to a cyclic or polycyclic aromatic ring. The aryl can be, for example, unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl.

The term “heteroaryl” has used herein refers to an aromatic cyclic or fused polycyclic ring system having at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S. Suitable heteroaryl groups include furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, carbazolyl, benzoxazolyl, pyrimidinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinoxalinyl, benzothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, purinyl, quinazolinyl, and so on. These heteroaryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl.

The term “heterocyclyl” includes non-aromatic rings or ring systems that contain at least one ring having an at least one hetero atom (such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur). Preferably, this term includes all of the fully saturated and partially unsaturated derivatives of the above mentioned heteroaryl groups. Exemplary heterocyclic groups include pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, and imidazolidinyl. The heterocyclyl can be, for example, unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl.

The term “cycloalkyl” has used herein refers to a hydrocarbon ring which may contain or not double bonds. The cycloalkyl ring may be unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl.

In the present invention, compounds of formula (I) having a molecule attached thereto are preferably compounds of formula (IIIA):

wherein

-   -   R¹ and A are as previously defined;     -   X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻,         ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, RuO₄ ⁻, N(SO₂CF₃)₂ ⁻,         CF₃SO₃ ⁻, a conjugate base of an organic acid, an acetate and,         an amino acid carboxylate; and     -   L² is a linker or a chemical bond.

In the present invention, compounds of formula (IA) and (IIA) can be used as an alternative to compounds of formula (I) and (II), respectively:

wherein

-   -   A is selected from the group consisting of furyl, phenyl,         pyridyl, naphthyl, and thiophenyl, and is unsubstituted or         substituted with 1 to 3 substitutents, which are same or         different, and selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen         atom, a halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy,         C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₆         aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl and         C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl;     -   X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻,         ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, RuO₄ ⁻, N(SO₂CF₃)₂ ⁻,         CF₃SO₃ ⁻, a conjugate base of an organic acid, an acetate and,         an amino acid carboxylate;     -   L¹ is as previously defined.     -   Alternatively, each A can have two or three substituents.

In the present invention, the molecules or substrates to be attached to compounds of formulas (I) and (II), or attached to compounds of formulas (IIIA) and (IIIB), preferably have a molecular weight ranging from ranging from 40 to 1200 g/mol, more preferably from 50 to 1000 g/mol, and even more preferably from 60 to 700 g/mol. These molecules are advantageously organic reagents and they are preferably selected from the group consisting of an amine reagents, catalysts, ligands, chiral ligands linkers, coupling reagents, organic substrates, phosphine reagents, tin reagents, silicon reagents, and a scavengers.

In compounds of formula (II), the linker L¹ can be selected from the group consisting of:

wherein r and q are integers having a value of 0 to 6.

The linker can also be an oxidized derivative of these compounds.

When compounds of formulas (I) or (II) are used as solubility controlling fragment of a molecule, the molecule advantageously have a molecular weight ranging from ranging from 40 to 3000 g/mol, preferably from 50 to 2000 g/mol, and more preferably from 60 to 1400 g/mol. Preferably, such a molecule is soluble in a first solvent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂), 1,2-dichloroethane (ClCH₂CH₂Cl), chloroform, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), benzonitrile and nitrobenzene. The molecule preferably precipitates in a mixture comprising the first solvent and a second solvent selected from the group consisting of diethylether (Et₂O), tetrahydrofuran (THF), hexanes, toluene, benzene, chlorobenzene, tetrachloromethane and t-butyl methyl ether. Advantageously, the molecule precipitates by adding the second solvent to a solution comprising the molecule substantially solubilized in the first solvent. The molecule can also be slightly soluble in a cosolvent selected from the group consisting of methanol, 2-propanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate. The molecule can thus be solubilized in a mixture comprising the first solvent and the cosolvent. Moreover, the molecule can precipitate by adding the second solvent to a solution comprising the molecule substantially solubilized in the mixture of the first solvent and the cosolvent. In particular ratios, the molecule can also be soluble in a mixture comprising the first solvent and the second solvent. In these compounds, A can have more than one R¹ substituent. As example A can have two or three R¹ substituents. In such a case, the R¹ substituents are the same or different.

Compounds of formulas (IIIA), (IIIB), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), and (XIII) preferably have a molecular weight ranging from ranging from 40 to 3000 g/mol, preferably from 50 to 2000 g/mol, and more preferably from 60 to 1400 g/mol. These compounds can be so-called phosphonium supported reagents. These compounds are preferably soluble in a first solvent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂), 1,2-dichloroethane (ClCH₂CH₂Cl), chloroform, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), benzonitrile and nitrobenzene. They also preferably precipitate in a mixture comprising the first solvent and a second solvent selected from the group consisting of diethylether (Et₂O), tetrahydrofuran (THF), hexanes, toluene, benzene, chlorobenzene, tetrachloromethane and t-butyl methyl ether. Advantageously, they precipitate by adding the second solvent to a solution comprising the molecule substantially solubilized in the first solvent. These compounds can also be slightly soluble in a cosolvent selected from the group consisting of methanol, 2-propanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate. These compounds can thus be solubilized in a mixture comprising the first solvent and the cosolvent. Moreover, these compounds can precipitate by adding the second solvent to a solution comprising one of these compounds substantially solubilized in the mixture of the first solvent and the cosolvent. In particular ratios, these compounds can also be soluble in a mixture comprising the first solvent and the second solvent. In these compounds, A is preferably a phenyl, R¹ is preferably an hydrogen atom or a methyl and X is preferably ClO₄ or PF₆. More preferably, R¹ is an hydrogen atom. R² is preferably a chemical reagent selected from the group consisting of an amine reagent, a catalyst, a coupling reagent, a ligand, a chiral ligand, a phosphine reagent, a tin reagent, a silicon reagent, a boron reagent, and a scavenger. In these compounds, A can have more than one R¹ substituent. As example A can have two or three R¹ substituents. In such a case, the R¹ substituents are the same or different.

In the present invention compounds of formula (VA), (VIA), (VIIA) (IXA), (XIA), (XIIA), (XIIIA) and (XIVA) can be used as an alternative to compounds of formula (V), (VI), (VII), (IX), (XI), (XII), (XIII) and (X) respectively:

wherein

-   -   each of said A independently represents a C₆-C₁₂ aryl (for         example phenyl or naphthyl) or a C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl (for example         furyl, pyridyl, or thiophenyl);     -   each of said A is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3         substituent(s) selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen         atom, a halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy,         C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl,         C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂         heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl;     -   each of said Z independently represents a C₆-C₁₂ aryl (for         example phenyl or naphthyl) or a C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl (for example         furyl, pyridyl, or thiophenyl);     -   each of said Z is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3         substituent(s) selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen         atom, a halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy,         C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl,         C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂         heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl;     -   R² is I, Cl, Br, N₃, OH, CH₂OH, COOH, CHO, N═C═O, CH═CH₂, a         linking moiety or a chemical reagent;     -   X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻,         ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, RuO₄ ⁻, N(SO₂CF₃)₂ ⁻,         CF₃SO₃ ⁻, a conjugate base of an organic acid, an acetate and,         an amino acid carboxylate,     -   L² is a linker or a chemical bond; and     -   n is an integer having a value of 0 to 12, preferably 0 to 6,         an optically active isomer thereof, or a racemic mixture         thereof.

The amine reagent can be one of a formula:

wherein

-   -   R³ and R⁴ the are same or different and are selected from the         group consisting of a hydrogen atom, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl,         C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,         C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl and; or     -   R³ and R⁴ are joined together to form a 5 or 6 membered         heterocyclic ring;     -   the C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl being preferably selected from the group         consisting of pyridine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, pyrrole,         pyrimidine, cyclic guanidine, cyclic amidine, and oxazolidinone;     -   the 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic ring being preferably selected         from the group consisting of pyridine, piperidine, pyrrolidine,         pyrrole, pyrimidine, cyclic guanidine, cyclic amidine, and         oxazolidinone.

The catalyst can be a ruthenium catalyst suitable for olefin metathesis reactions. The expression “ruthenium catalyst suitable for olefin metathesis reactions” has used herein refers to catalyst which can catalyze an olefin methathesis reaction. Such a catalyst is preferably a Grubbs-type catalyst. Preferably, the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of

wherein

-   -   R₅ is cylohexyl;     -   R₆ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl and         C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl; and     -   T is selected from the group consisting of Br, Cl, I, and OTf         (triflate).

The phosphine reagent can be selected from the group consisting of

wherein R⁷ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl, a C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, or a phenyl group, or substituted phenyl, the phenyl being substituted by a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, or C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl. Preferably, R⁷ is a methyl group or a phenyl group.

The tin reagent can be selected from the group consisting of

wherein

-   -   T² is H, Br, Cl or OTf, and preferably Cl; and     -   R⁸ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl, preferably n-butyl.     -   The coupling reagent can be selected from the group consisting         of

wherein R⁹ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₅-C₇ cycloalkyl, and preferably a C₆ cycloalkyl.

The ligand can selected from the group consisting of bipyridines and bis(quinolines).

The chiral ligand can selected from the group consisting of oxazolines, bis(oxazolines), phosphines, N-heterocyclic carbenes, substituted binaphthols, 1,2-diols, 1,3-diols, 1,4-diols.

The scavenger can be selected from the group consisting of aldehydes, tertiary amines and sulfonic acid.

R² can be an amine or pyridine reagent of formula:

R² can also be an oxidizing reagent, which is preferably of formula:

The silicon reagent can be of formula:

wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are same or different and selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl and phenyl.

The linking moiety can be selected from the group consisting of

wherein r is an integer having a value of 0 to 6.

L² can be any suitable linker known to the person skilled in the art. In a non-limitative manner the linker can be selected from the group consisting of

wherein m is an integer having a value of 1 to 8 and q is an integer having a value of 0 to 6. In these linkers, the O atoms could also be replaced with S atoms. In fact, the corresponding thioethers could also be used as linkers. hi certain molecules, L² could be simply an oxygen atom or a sulphur atom, a C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl or C₁-C₆ alkynyl.

The compounds of the present invention can thus efficiently be used as phosphonium supported reagents, solubility controlling fragments of molecules or substrates, solubility controlling auxiliaries, supports or soluble supports.

In the methods of the present invention, when two solvents are used, the first solvent is preferably selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂), 1,2-dichloroethane (ClCH₂CH₂Cl), chloroform, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), benzonitrile and nitrobenzene. The second solvent is preferably selected from the group consisting of diethylether (Et₂O), tetrahydrofuran (THF), hexanes, toluene, benzene, chlorobenzene, tetrachloromethane and t-butyl methyl ether. These compounds can also be slightly soluble in a cosolvent selected from the group consisting of methanol, 2-propanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate. These compounds can thus be solubilized in a mixture comprising the first solvent and the cosolvent. Moreover, these compounds can precipitate by adding the second solvent to a solution comprising one of these compounds substantially solubilized in the mixture of the first solvent and the cosolvent. In particular ratios, these compounds can also be soluble in a mixture comprising the first solvent and the second solvent.

According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a method for separating two different compounds from one another, each compound being a compound according to the present invention or a derivative thereof, the method comprising:

-   -   a) selecting a solvent or a mixture of solvents adapted to         selectively precipitate one of the compounds with respect to the         other; and     -   b) mixing the compounds or derivative thereof with the solvent         or mixture of solvents so as to selectively precipitate one of         the compound.

The expression “derivative thereof” as used herein refers to a derivative which substantially has the same backbone than the compound. Such a derivative can be considered by the person skilled in the art as a close intermediate of the compound. The derivative differs only from the compound by way of a reaction (such an oxidation or a reduction) which is carried out in a single step. Non-limitative examples of a compound and a derivative thereof can be the following couples: compounds (8) and (4), compounds (40) and (41); and compounds (3) and (3′), which are all described subsequently.

Suitable solvent conditions for selectively precipitating one of the compounds can be provided by using the previously mentioned first solvent and/or second solvents systems. Alternatively, use of the cosolvent can also be made.

Preferably precipitation conditions for one of the compounds (taken alone) are first determined. If these conditions permits to precipitate the first compound tested and then subsequently if they permit to prevent the second compound (taken alone) from precipitating, these conditions (choice of solvents) can thus permit to selectively precipitate the first compound with respect to the second compound when the two are mixed together.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following non-limiting examples further illustrate the invention.

Various examples of phosphonium salts derivatives have been prepared. Moreover, these compounds have been used in a plurality of different reactions.

EXAMPLE 1

Phosphonium Supported Triphenylphosphine (1)

Preparation of the supported triphenylphosphine of formula (1) was carried out through synthesis of intermediates compounds (2) and (3).

To a solution of 1,3-dibromobenzene (7.4 mL, 61 mmol, 1.05 equiv) in THF (70 mL, 0.9 M) at −90° C. was added n-BuLi (2.5 M) (25.5 mL, 64 mmol, 1.10 equiv) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred 45 min then diphenylchlorophosphine (10.7 mL, 58 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added dropwise and the resulting dark brown solution was warmed to room temperature for 15 min and filtered through a small pad of Celite. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (Et₂O/hexane, 0:100-5:95) to afford (3-bromophenyl)diphenylphosphine (2) (18.1 g, 91%) as a viscous colorless oil, which was characterized as follows:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.50-7.20 (m, 14H).

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 140.7 (d, J=15.6 Hz), 136.4 (d, J=11.0 Hz), 136.1 (d, J=20.1 Hz), 133.9 (d, J=19.7 Hz), 132.2 (d, J=19.3 Hz), 131.8 (s), 130.2 (d, J=6.6 Hz), 129.2 (s), 128.8 (d, J=7.0 Hz), 123.3 (d, J=6.8 Hz).

IR (film), 1954 (C═C), 1882 (C═C), 1813 (C═C), 1574, 1556, 1460, 1433, 1391, 1090, 1066 cm⁻¹.

LRMS (APCI, Pos), calcd for C₁₈H₁₅P⁷⁹Br [M+H]⁺: 341.0 m/z, observed 341.0, calcd for C₁₈H₁₅P⁸¹Br [M+H]⁺: 343.0 m/z, observed 343.0.

To a solution of nickel (II) bromide (dry under vacum for 2 h at 140° C.) (3.6 g, 16 mmol, 0.5 equiv) in benzonitrile (dry overnight on activated 4A molecular sieves) (250 mL) was added triphenylphosphine (26.0 g, 49 mmol, 3 equiv). The solution was heated under reflux for 15 min and then cooled to room temperature. (3-bromophenyl)diphenylphosphine (2) (11.1 g, 32.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in benzonitrile (20 mL plus rinse 5 mL) was added to the solution. The resulting solution was heated under reflux for 4 h then cooled to room temperature. A 10% (w/w) aqueous solution of potassium bromide (250 mL) was added. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was washed two times with CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL). The organic layer was washed three times with water (100 mL) and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentred under reduced pressure. To the resulting solution was added hexane (750 mL) to precipitate the crude product. The precipitate was filtered and washed with hexane and then dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL). Et₂O (150 mL) was then added and the mixture was filtered. The resulting solid was purified by flash chromatography (MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, 0:100-10:90) to afford (3-diphenylphosphinophenyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (3) (>95% purity) as a white solid (15.3 g, 78%), which was characterized as follows:

mp 215-220° C.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.60-6.80 (m, 29H).

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 141.3 (dd, J=18.8, 11.0 Hz), 138.6 (d, J=22.3 Hz), 136.3 (t, J=12.1 Hz), 134.7 (d, J=2.1 Hz), 133.5 (d, J=10.6 Hz), 133.2 (m), 133.0 (d, J=10.3 Hz), 132.5 (d, J=20.2 Hz), 129.8 (d, J=12.8 Hz), 129.7 (m), 128.7 (s), 127.9 (d, J=7.2 Hz), 117.1 (dd, J=86.9, 4.4 Hz), 115.8 (d, J=88.9 Hz).

³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃), δ 23.2, −4.5.

IR (film), 1974 (C═C), 1913 (C═C), 1827 (C═C), 1585, 1474, 1432, 1433, 1386, 1108 cm⁻¹.

LRMS (APCI, Pos), calcd for C₃₆H₂₉P₂ [M]⁺: 523.2 m/z, observed 523.1.

To (3-diphenylphosphinophenyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (3) (15.0 g, 25 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₃CN (60 mL) was added LiClO₄ (2.9 g, 28 mmol, 1.1 equiv). After 2 h the mixture was concentred under reduced pressure and diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL). The resulting mixture was washed with water (100 mL). The aqueous layer was washed with CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL). The organic solution was washed three times with water (50 mL), was dried over MgSO₄ and concentred under reduced pressure. The crude product was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (30 ml) and was precipitated by adding Et₂O (150 mL) to afford (3-diphenylphosphinophenyl)triphenylphosphonium perchlorate (1) as a white solid. Two additional dissolution-precipitation sequence led to pure phosphonium perchlorate (14.7 g, 95%), which was characterized as follows:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.60-6.80 (m, 29H).

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 141.3 (dd, J=18.4, 11.1 Hz), 138.7 (dd, J=22.1, 1.9 Hz), 136.5 (dd, J=14.2, 10.8 Hz), 134.6 (d, J=2.9 Hz), 133.6 (d, J=10.6 Hz), 133.2 (m), 133.1 (d, J=10.2 Hz), 132.6 (d, J=20.3 Hz), 129.6 (d, J=12.8 Hz), 129.5 (dd, J=17.2, 6.1 Hz), 128.7 (s), 127.9 (d, J=7.4 Hz), 117.1 (dd, J=87.3, 3.3 Hz), 115.8 (d, J=88.0 Hz).

³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃), δ 23.2, −4.7.

IR (film), 1585, 1483, 1435, 1388, 1079 (Cl═O), cm⁻¹.

LRMS (APCI, Pos), calcd for C₃₆H₂₉P₂ [M]⁺: 523.2 m/z, observed 523.1.

LRMS (APCI, Neg), calcd for ³⁵ClO₄ [M]⁻: 99.0 m/z, observed 99.0; ³⁷ClO₄ [M]⁻: 101.0 m/z, observed 101.1.

EXAMPLE 2

Use of Phosphonium Supported Triphenylphosphine (1) in a Mitsunobu Reaction.

Menthol (156 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1 equiv) and (3-diphenylphosphinophenyl)triphenyl phosphonium perchlorate (1) (1.0 g, 1.6 mmol, 1.6 equiv) were dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL). Toluene (10 mL) was then added and the solution was cooled to −5° C. Diethylazodicarboxylate (255 μl, 1.6 mmol, 1.6 equiv) was added dropwise over 5 min. Then 4-nitrobenzoic acid (220 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv) was added and the solution was warmed slowly to room temperature over 3. After 9 h of stirring at room temperature, 25 mL of Et₂O was added to the solution and the resulting mixture was filtered through cotton wool to recover the phosphine oxide (quant.) and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude product was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) and hexane (9 mL) was added. The hydrazine and residual 4-nitrobenzoic acid precipitated and the resulting mixture was filtered through cotton wool. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford pure ester (245 mg, 79%) that was identical in all respect to authentic material.

EXAMPLE 3

Phosphonium Supported Azodicarboxylate (DEAD-type) Reagent (4).

Preparation of the phosphonium supported azodicarboxylate (DEAD-type) reagent (4) was carried out through synthesis of intermediates compounds (5) to (8).

To zinc dust (flame dried under argon) (10.2 g, 156 mmol, 2.19 equiv) was added THF (215 mL) and the resulting mixture was cooled to −10° C. Titanium tetrachloride (8.3 mL, 76.0 mmol, 1.07 equiv) was carefully added to the solution. After 5 min 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (9.9 g, 70.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added in one portion. The resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 20 h and then cooled to room temperature. A 10% (w/w) aqueous solution of potassium carbonate (150 mL) was added. The clear organic layer was collected and the aqueous layer was washed with Et₂O (100 mL). The combined organic layers were concentred under reduced pressure to afford a crude crystalline product washed with Et₂O and dried under vacuum to afford E-4,4′-dichlorostyrene (5) as a pure white solid (7.9 g, 91%).

A solution of NiBr₂ (12.0 g, 54 mmol, 2 equiv), triphenylphosphine (28.0 g, 108 mmol, 4 equiv) and E-4,4′-dichlorostyrene (5) (6.8 g, 27 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in benzonitrile (250 mL, 0.1 M) was heated under reflux for 2 h. The solution was cooled to room temperature and LiClO₄ (23.0 g, 216 mmol, 8 equiv) was added in one portion. After 2 h of stirring, CH₂Cl₂ (500 mL) and H₂O (400 mL) were added. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was washed twice with CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL).The organic solution was washed three times with water (200 mL), was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. To the resulting mixture was added hexane (500 mL) to precipitate the crude product. The precipitate was washed with hexane (2×100 mL) followed by Et₂O (2×100 mL) and it was dried under reduced pressure at 50° C. to afford a pure crystalline product of the bis(perchlorate) salt of bis(4,4′-triphenylphosphonium)styrene (6) as a white solid (20.7 g, 84%).

The bis(perchlorate) salt of bis(4,4′-triphenylphosphonium)styrene (6) (20.7 g, 23 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was diluted in CH₂Cl₂ (270 mL) and MeOH (70 mL). The resulting milky mixture was cooled to −78° C. and ozone was bubbled through the solution to saturate the solution (until appearance of the blue color). After stirring 45 min, O₃ was bubbled through the milky mixture to saturate the solution again. After 1 h of stirring, the solution became clear blue and it was purged with O₂ and argon. NaBH₄ (2.6 g, 69 mmol, 3.0 equiv) was then added to the solution. After 30 min of stirring, the solution was warmed to 0° C. for 1 h. A half saturated NH₄Cl aqueous solution (100 mL) was carefully added. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed twice with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL). The organic solution was washed three times with water (50 mL) was dried over MgSO₄ and it was concentred under reduced pressure. The crude product was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (30 ml) and was precipitated with Et₂O (150 mL). The crude precipitate was purified by flash chromatography (MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, 0:100-5:90) to afford pure (4-hydroxymethylphenyl)triphenylphosphonium perchlorate (7) as a white solid (16.9 g, 78%), which was characterized as follows:

mp 225-230° C.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₂Cl₂), δ 7.85-7.70 (m, 3H), 7.63-7.60 (m, 8H), 7.54-7.45 (m, 8H), 4.71 (s, 2H), 4.30 (bs, 1H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CD₂Cl₂), δ 150.8 (d, J=3.0 Hz), 135.4 (d, J=1.7 Hz), 134.4 (d, J=10.2 Hz), 134.3 (d, J=10.6 Hz), 130.3 (d, J=12.8 Hz), 128.1 (d, J=13.2 Hz), 117.7 (d, J=89.1 Hz), 115.0 (d, J=90.9 Hz), 63.4 (s). ³¹P (162 MHZ, CD₂Cl₂), δ 23.3. IR (film), 1777 (C═O), 1439, 1266, 1224, 1090 (Cl═O), cm⁻¹. LRMS (APCI, Pos), calcd for C₂₅H₂₂O₁P₁ [M]⁺: 369.1 m/z, observed 369.1. LRMS (APCI, Neg), calcd for ³⁵ClO₄ [M]⁻: 99.0 m/z, observed 99.0; ³⁷ClO₄ [M]⁻: 101.0 m/z, observed 101.1. Elem. Anal. Calcd (%), for C₂₅H₂₂ClO₅P: C 64.04, H 4.73, found: C 64.25, H 4.92.

To a solution of triphosgene (1.3 g, 4.3 mmol, 0.43 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) at −10° C. was added pyridine (2.1 mL, 26 mmol, 2.6 equiv) dropwise. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature for 10 min (became a clear limpid solution) then it was cooled to −78° C. (became a milky mixture). A solution of (4-hydroxymethylphenyl)triphenylphosphonium perchlorate (7) (4.7 g, 10 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL, rinse with 10 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture which became a clear solution. After 10 min, ethyl carbazate (2.1 g, 20 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was added dropwise to the solution. The solution became yellow and it was warmed slowly to 0° C. over 1.5 h. The resulting solution was washed with water (200 mL). The aqueous layer was washed twice with CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL). The organic solution was washed with water (100 mL), it was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (25 ml) and it was precipitated with Et₂O (75 mL). This operation was repeated twice to afford the pure hydrazine (8) as a white solid foam (5.8 g, 97%), which has been characterized has follows:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 8.00-7.85 (m, 3H), 7.85-7.70 (m, 8H), 7.70-7.65 (m, 8H), 7.31 (bs, 1H), 6.82 (bs, 1H), 5.26 (s, 2H), 4.12 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.20 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 156.7 (s), 156.3 (s), 144.8 (s), 135.7 (d, J=2.3 Hz), 134.5 (d, J=10.7 Hz), 134.3 (d, J=10.3 Hz), 130.7 (d, J=12.9 Hz), 129.0 (d, J=12.9 Hz), 117.5 (d, J=89.0 Hz), 116.5 (d, J=90.1 Hz), 65.6 (s), 61.9 (s), 14.4 (s).

³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃), δ 23.2.

To a solution of the hydrazine (8) (3.0 g, 5.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ was added iodobenzene diacetate (2.4 g, 7.5 mmol, 1.5 equiv) in one portion. The solution was stirred 6 h then Et₂O (200 mL) was added to precipitate the crude product. The crude product was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml) and was precipitated with Et₂O (100 mL). This operation was repeated four times to afford the DEAD equivalent (4) (>95% purity) as a yellow solid foam (2.5 g, 84%), which has been characterized has follows:

mp 85-80° C.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.95-7.65 (m, 19H), 5.59 (s, 2H), 4.49 (q, J=7.1 Hz), 1.41 (t, J=7.1 Hz). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ160.2 (s), 160.0 (s), 142.1 (d, J=2.9 Hz), 135.9 (d, J=2.6 Hz), 135.0 (d, J=10.6 Hz), 134.6 (d, J=10.3 Hz), 130.9 (d, J=12.9 Hz), 130.0 (d, J=13.1 Hz), 118.3 (d, J=89.5 Hz), 117.3 (d, J=89.1 Hz), 69.0 (s), 63.7 (s), 14.2 (s). ³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃), δ 23.2. IR (film), 1777 (C═O), 1439, 1266, 1224, 1090 (Cl═O), cm⁻¹. LRMS (APCI, Pos), calcd for C₃₆H₂₉P₂ [M]⁺: 497.2 m/z, observed 497.1.

EXAMPLE 4

Use of Phosphonium Supported DEAD Reagent (4) and of Phosphonium Supported Triphenylphosphine (1).

2-Octanol (26 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv), p-nitrobenzoic acid (40 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 equiv) and (3-diphenylphosphinophenyl)triphenyl phosphonium perchlorate (1) (250 mg, 0.4 mmol, 2.0 equiv) were diluted in CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 mL). The solution was cooled to −5° C. and was added dropwise a solution of the phosphonium supported DEAD reagent (4) (240 mg, 0.4 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) over 5 min. The solution was warmed to room temperature overnight. The solution was added dropwise to a stirred solution of Et₂O (15 mL). The resulting mixture was filtered through cotton wool and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude product was stirred with CHCl₃ (1 mL) to remove the insoluble residual p-nitrobenzoic acid and the resulting mixture was filtered through cotton wool. The filtrate was concentred under reduced pressure to give the pure ester (86%). At the end of the reaction, the compound (3′) was recovered:

The compound (3′) was characterized as follows:

white solid

M.p. 214-216° C.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), 8.00-7.30 (m, 29H).

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ138.3 (dd, J=9.7, 2.9 Hz), 137.5 (dd, J=5.7, 3.2 Hz), 137.0 (t, J=11.0 Hz), 136.6 (dd, J=98.3, 11.2 Hz), 135.6 (d, J=2.7 Hz), 134.2 (d, J=10.3 Hz), 132.5 (d, J=2.5 Hz), 131.7 (d, J=10.0 Hz), 130.9 (t, J=11.5 Hz), 130.6 (d, J=10.6 Hz), 130.1 (d, J=105.2 Hz), 128.7 (d, J=12.8 Hz), 119.0 (dd, J=89.0, 11.6 Hz), 116.5 (d, J=89.0 Hz).

³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃), 28.3, 23.3.

IR (film), 1585, 1483, 1435, 1388, 1079 (Cl═O), cm⁻¹.

LRMS (APCI, Pos), calcd for C₃₆H₂₉P₂O [M]⁺: 539.2 m/z, observed 539.1.

Recycling Compound (3′) by Converting it into Compound (3)

To a 0° C. solution of Phosphine oxide (3′) (200 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in Benzonitrile (3 mL, 0.1 M) was added N,N-Dimethylaniline (160 μL, 1.2 mmol, 4.0 equiv) and Trichlorosilane (63 μL, 0.62 mmol, 2.0 equiv). The solution was warmed to 170° C. over 2 h and became blue. The crude product was crunched with Hexane (20 mL). The crude product was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) and was crunched with Et₂O (10 mL). This operation was repeated two times to afford a crude blue solid.

To the crude product (ca 0.30 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₃CN (1.5 mL) was added LiClO₄ (32 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1.0 equiv). After 2 h the mixture was concentred under reduced pressure and diluted with CH2Cl2 (10 mL). The resulting mixture was washed with water (5 mL). The aqueous layer was washed with CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL). The organic solution was washed three times with water (2 mL), was dried over MgSO₄ and concentred under reduced pressure. The crude product was diluted with CH2Cl2 (1 ml) and was crunched with Et₂O (10 mL) to afford pure (3) as a white solid (173 mg, 93%).

Separation of the Triphenylphosphine Oxide (3′) and Hydrazine (8) (Residues from the Mitsunobu Reaction) by Selective Precipitation:

To a solution of (3′) (319 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), (8) (300 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) at reflux was added Et₂O (9 mL). Then was added under reflux dropwise Et₂O (3 mL) during 15 min. The mixture was cooled to room temperature. The precipitate was recuperated (350 mg, (3′):(8)=3.8:1.0). This operation was repeated on the precipitate so as to afford pure (3′) (227 mg, 71%).

EXAMPLE 5

Phosphonium Supported Ruthenium Catalyst (10).

Preparation of the phosphonium supported ruthenium catalyst (10) was carried out through synthesis of intermediates compounds (11) to (14).

In an inert atmosphere of argon (with a high flow), 4-(4-bromophenyl)benzaldehyde (4 g, 15.33 mmol), PPh₃ (6.11 g, 22.99 mmol), and dry NiBr₂ (1.70 g, 7.66 mmol) were suspended in PhCN (160 ml). The resulting green reaction mixture was stirred at 200° C. for 4 h, and then cooled to r.t. The deep green reaction vessel was quenched with a 10% aq. soln. of KBr (200 ml), and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×200 ml). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O (2×500 ml), brine (2×500 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford a brown oil. The resulting brown oil was taken up (in a flask) with hexane (500 ml), and the crude product glued on the faces of the flask as a thick oil. The hexane layer was separated, and this operation was carried out twice. The resulting thick oil was taken up with CH₂Cl₂ (small amount), and Et₂O (200 ml) was added in order to precipitate the phosphonium salt. The flask was rotated vigorously, and the organic phase was decanted. This operation was done twice, affording the desired compound (11) as a yellow residue, which was pure enough to continue (4.4 g, 55%), has been characterized has follows:

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 10.02 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, J=6.72, 2H), 7.94 (d, J=8.08, 2H), 7.83 (m, 5H), 7.72 (m, 8H), 7.58 (m, 6H). ¹³C-NMR (25 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 192.21, 147.00 (d, J=12.30), 144.17, 136.63, 136.24 (d, J=0.95), 135.48 (d, J=3.55), 134.71 (d, J=3.45), 131.26 (d, J=4.27), 130.87, 129.95 (d, J=4.40), 128.72, 118.21, 117.03. ³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃): δ 24.22 (s).

Compound (11) (3 g, 5.73 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of MeCN/CH₂Cl₂ (24 ml, 3:1), and LiClO₄ (1.22 g, 11.46 mmol) was added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 h, and then concentrated in vacuo to afford pale yellow residue. The residue was taken up with CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml), washed with H₂O (2×50 ml), brine (2×50 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford a pale yellow residue. Treatment with CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O led to the target compound (12), which was pure enough to continue (2.91 g, 94%), has been characterized has follows:

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ10.03 (s, 1 H), 8.03-8.01 (dd, J₁=3.08, J₂=3.08, 2H), 7.97 (d, J=8.36, 2H), 7.90-7.84 (m, 5 H), 7.79-7.74 (m, 8 H), 7.69-7.63 (m, 6 H).

¹³C-NMR (25 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 192.34, 147.06, 144.47, 136.68, 136.19 (d, J=0.97), 135.56 (d, J=3.55), 134.83 (d, J=3.42), 131.21 (d, J=4.27), 130.91, 129.91 (d, J=4.35), 128.75, 118.41, 117.22. ³¹P-NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 24.16 (s).

In an inert atmosphere of argon, compound (12) (707 mg, 1.30 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (6.5 ml), and cooled to −78° C. NaBH₄ (54 mg, 1.43 mmol) in EtOH (1.5 ml) was added, and the reaction mixture stirred at −78° C. for 15 min, allowed to warm at r.t. over a period of 1.5 h, and finally quenched with a sat. aq. soln. of NH₄Cl (10 ml). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×10ml). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O (2×30 ml), brine (2×30 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil. Treatment with CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O revealed compound (13) as a pale yellow foam which was pure enough to continue (600 mg, 84%), has been characterized has follows:

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.91-7.80 (m, 5H), 7.72-7.68 (m, 6 H), 7.67-7.54 (m, 10H), 7.34 (d, J=7.83, 2H), 4.57 (s, 2 H), 3.39 (br. s., 1 H). ¹³C-NMR (25 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 148.44, 143.25, 137.26, 136.10 (d, J=1.00, CH-arom., 3 H), 135.34 (d, J=3.55, CH-arom., 2 H), 134.79 (d, J=3.42, CH-arom., 6H), 131.15 (d, J=4.25, CH-arom., 6 H), 129.31 (d, J=4.40, CH-arom., 2 H), 128.09, 127.81. ³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃): δ 24.02 (s), −143.9 (sept, J=713 Hz).

To a mixture of the phosphonium salt (13) (but the PF₆ salt) (1.7 g, 2.9 mmol, 1.0 equiv), 4-isopropoxy-3-vinyl-phenol (640 mg, 3.6 mmol, 1.2 equiv), triphenylphosphine (940 mg, 3.6, 1.2 equiv) and CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL, 0.1 M) at −5° C. was added DEAD (570 μL, 3.6 mmol, 1.2 equiv) dropwise during 10 min. After 1 h at room temperature the mixture was concentred under reduced pressure. The crude product was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (4 ml) and was precipitated with Et₂O (50 mL). This operation was repeated twice. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, 0:100-5:95) to afford pure phosphonium salt (14) (1.75 g, 80%) as a solid foam, which has been characterized has follows:

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 152.8 (s), 149.6 (s), 147.6 (s), 138.4 (s), 137.7 (s), 135.6 (s), 134.9 (d, J=10.7 Hz), 134.3 (d, J=10.3 Hz), 131.6 (s), 130.7 (d, J=12.8 Hz), 129.0 (s), 128.9 (d, J=13.2 Hz), 128.1 (s), 127.6 (s), 117.5 (d, J=89.1 Hz), 116.8 (s), 115.5 (d, J=90.7 Hz), 114.9 (s), 114.2 (s), 112.3 (s), 72.1 (s), 69.9 (s), 22.1 (s).

³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃), δ 23.1, −143.9 (sept, J=713 Hz).

LRMS (APCI, Pos), calcd for C₄₂H₃₈O₂P [M]⁺: 605.7 m/z, observed 605.2.

A mixture of phosphonium (14) (225 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1.0 equiv), Grubbs first generation catalyst (Cl₂Ru(PCy₃)═CHPh) (305 mg, 0.36 mmol, 1.2 equiv), CuCl (27 mg, 0.27, 0.9 equiv) and CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL, 0.02 M) were heated under reflux for 2 h under argon. The mixture was concentred under reduced pressure. The crude product was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 ml) and was precipitated with Et₂O (20 mL). This operation was repeated four times to afford pure catalyst (10) (350 mg, 97%) as a solid green foam, has been characterized has follows:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), δ17.38 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (dd, J=3.1, 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.89-7.85 (m, 3H), 7.78-7.74 (m, 6H), 7.71-7.87 (m, 10H), 7.58 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (d, J=2.9 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (dd, J=2.9, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (sept, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 2.33 (br q, J=12.1 Hz, 3H), 2.12-2.07 (m, 6H), 1.92-1.81 (m, 12H), 1.77 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 6H), 1.73-1.68 (m, 3H), 1.29-1.25 (m, 9H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 278.6 (s), 154.0 (s), 147.5 (d, J=2.8 Hz), 147.1 (s), 143.9 (s), 138.0 (s), 137.6 (s), 135.4 (d, J=3.1 Hz), 134.7 (d, J=10.5 Hz), 134.1 (d, J=10.2 Hz), 130.5 (d, J=12.8 Hz), 128.8 (d, J=13.1 Hz), 128.0 (s), 127.5 (s), 117.3 (d, J=89.0 Hz), 116.1 (s), 115.4 (d, J=90.6 Hz), 113.7 (s), 75.3 (s), 70.2 (s), 35.3 (d, J=24.7 Hz), 29.9 (s), 27.5 (d, J=10.3 Hz), 26.1 (s), 21.8 (s). ³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃), δ 58.7, 23.1, −143.9 (sept, J=713 Hz).

EXAMPLE 6

Use of Phosphonium Supported Ruthenium Catalyst (10) in a Ring Closing Metathesis Reaction and Recovery and of the Catalyst for Further Uses.

A solution of N,N-Diallyl-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide (251 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv), phosphonium catalyst (10) (30 mg, 0.025 mmol, 0.025 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL, 0.05 M) were heated under reflux for 3 h under argon. The mixture was concentred under reduced pressure. The crude product was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (1 ml) and the catalyst was precipitated with Et₂O (10 mL). Filtration produced the phosphonium catalyst (10) in quantitative yield (85% purity). Evaporation of the filtrate afforded pure 1-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole (99.5%). Second cycle: 1-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole was obtained in 98% yield and the phosphonium catalyst (10) could be recovered in quantitative yield in 83% purity. Third cycle: 1-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole was obtained in 97% yield and the phosphonium catalyst (10) could be recovered in quantitative yield in 77% purity. Fourth cycle: 1-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole was obtained in 97% yield and the phosphonium catalyst (10) could be recovered in quantitative yield in 68% purity. Fifth cycle: 1-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole was obtained in 95% yield and the phosphonium catalyst (10) could be recovered in quantitative yield in 67% purity.

EXAMPLE 7

Phosphonium Supported Tin Chloride Reagent (15).

Preparation of the phosphonium supported tin chloride reagent (15) was carried out through synthesis of intermediates compounds (16) and (17).

To 4-(4′-hydroxymethyl)biphenyl triphenylphosphonium perchlorate (13) (11.9 g, 21.8 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (100 mL, 0.2 M) was added CBr₄ (10.9 g, 33.0 mmol, 1.5 equiv) and PPh₃ (8.9 g, 33 mmol, 1.5 equiv). After 15 min, the solution was heated to 60° C. for 3 h. The brown solution was cooled to room temperature, and diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (600 ml). The organic layer was washed ten times with water (100 mL). The organic solution was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and was concentred under reduced pressure. The crude product was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (25 ml) and was precipitated with Et₂O (200 mL). This procedure was repeated three times and the product was finally purified by flash chromatography (MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ 0:100-1:99) to afford pure 4-(4-bromomethylphenyl)phenyl triphenylphosphonium perchlorate (16) (11.1 g, 84%) as a solid foam, which was characterized as follows:

mp 72-76° C.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.95-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.87-7.78 (m, 2H), 7.78-7.69 (m, 6H), 7.69-7.53 (m, 11H), 7.46 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.49 (s, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 147.4 (s), 138.8 (s), 138.3 (s), 135.6 (d, J=2.6 Hz), 135.0 (d, J=10.7 Hz), 134.4 (d, J=10.2 Hz), 130.7 (d, J=12.9 Hz), 130.0 (s), 129.1 (d, J=13.3 Hz), 128.0 (s), 117.5 (d, J=89.2 Hz), 115.8 (d, J=90.8 Hz), 33.0 (s). ³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃), δ 23.1. IR (film), 3026, 1595, 1437, 1337, 1267, 1079 (Cl═O), cm⁻¹.

LRMS (APCI, Pos), calcd for C₃₁H₂₅ ⁷⁹Br₁P₁ [M]⁺: 507.1 m/z, observed 507.0; C₃₁H₂₅ ⁸¹Br₁P₁ [M]⁺: 509.1 m/z, observed 509.0. LRMS (APCI, Neg), calcd for ³⁵ClO₄ [M]⁻: 99.0 m/z, observed 99.1; ³⁷ClO₄ [M]⁻: 101.0 m/z, observed 101.1.

To compound (16) (10.4 g, 17.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and CuI (330 mg, 1.7 mmol, 0.1 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (70 mL, 0.25 M) at −78° C. was added vinylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M in THF, 19 mL, 19.0 mmol, 1.1 equiv). The mixture which was protected from light, was warmed to 0° C. for 30 min and to room temperature for 20 h. A saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (50 mL) was added. The aqueous layer was washed with CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (50 mL), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ 0:100-4:96) to afford pure (17) (8.4 g, 86%) as a solid foam, which was characterized as follows:

mp 74-81° C.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), δ7.94-7.90 (m, 2H), 7.86-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.77-7.71 (m, 6H), 7.66-7.57 (m, 11H), 7.28 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 5.94-5.89 (m, 1H), 5.09-5.03 (2m, 2H), 3.39 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 148.0 (d, J=3.1 Hz), 141.4 (s), 136.8 (s), 136.0 (s), 135.7 (d, J=2.5 Hz), 134.9 (d, J=10.6 Hz), 134.3 (d, J=10.3 Hz), 130.7 (d, J=12.8 Hz), 129.5 (s), 128.8 (d, J=13.3 Hz), 127.5 (s), 117.6 (d, J=89.1 Hz), 116.3 (s), 115.1 (d, J=91.1 Hz), 39.8 (s). ³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃), δ 23.1. IR (film), 3060, 1595, 1437, 1267, 1079 (Cl═O). cm⁻¹. LRMS (APCI, Pos), calcd for C₃₃H₂₈P₁ [M]⁺: 455.2 m/z, observed 455.0. LRMS (APCI, Neg), calcd for ³⁵ClO₄ [M]⁻: 99.0 m/z, observed 99.1; ³⁷ClO₄ [M]⁻: 101.0 m/z, observed 101.0.

To a solution of (17) (7.3 g, 13.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and Bu₂SnCl₂ (10.0 g, 33.0 mmol, 2.5 equiv) in a mixture of CH₃CN (7 mL) and benzene (15 mL) under argon was added Bu₂SnH₂ (6.5 mL, 33 mmol, 2.5 equiv). The solution was irradiated with a sun lamp for 10 h. CH₃CN (350 mL, degassed under argon) and hexane (100 mL, degassed under argon) were added to the solution . The CH₃CN layer was washed twice with hexane (100 mL, degassed under Ar) and concentred under reduced pressure. The crude product was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (25 ml) and precipitated by adding Et₂O (200 mL). This process was repeated three times to afford pure (15) (9.8 g, 90%) as a solid foam, which was characterized as follows:

mp 57-63° C.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.87-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.84-7.72 (m, 2H), 7.71-7.68 (m, 6H), 7.60-7.51 (m, 11H), 7.23 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.62 (br t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.98-1.92 (m, 1H), 1.62-1.52 (m, 4H), 1.35-1.19 (m, 10H), 0.79 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 6H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 148.0 (d, J_(C-P)=2.7 Hz), 143.3 (s), 135.6 (d, J_(C-P)=2.0 Hz), 135.5 (s), 134.8 (d, J_(C-P)=10.6 Hz), 134.2 (d, J_(C-P)=10.3 Hz), 130.6 (d, J_(C-P)=12.8 Hz), 129.3 (s), 128.6 (d, J_(C-P)=13.1 Hz), 127.3 (s), 117.5 (d, J_(C-P)=89.1 Hz), 114.9 (d, J_(C-P)=91.0 Hz), 39.4 (s and d, J_(C-Sn)=67.6 Hz), 27.7 (s and d, J_(C-Sn)=24.8 Hz), 27.5 (s and d, J_(C-Sn)=23.2 Hz), 26.6 (s and d, J_(C-Sn)=66.8 Hz), 18.2 (s and 2d, J_(C-117Sn)=339 Hz and J_(C-119Sn)=352 Hz), 17.8 (s and 2d, J_(C-117Sn)=327 Hz and J_(C-119Sn)=342 Hz), 13.6 (s). ³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃), δ 23.1. IR (film), 2954, 1595, 1437, 1275, 1088 (Cl═O), cm⁻¹. LRMS (APCI, Pos), calcd for C₄₁H₄₇ ³⁵ClP¹²⁰Sn [M]⁺: 725.0 m/z, observed 725.1. LRMS (APCI, Neg), calcd for ³⁵ClO₄ [M]⁻: 99.0 m/z, observed 99.0; ³⁷ClO₄ [M]⁻: 101.0 m/z, observed 101.0.

EXAMPLE 8

Use of the Phosphonium Supported Tin Chloride Reagent (15) as a Dehalogenating Agent.

A solution of 1-bromoadamantane (108 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), the phosphonium supported chlorostanne (15) (82 mg, 0.1 mmol , 0.2 equiv), NaBH₄ (28 mg, 0.75 mmol, 1.5 equiv) in CH₃CN (2.5 mL, 0.2 M) was heated to reflux under Ar for 10 min. Then AIBN (8 mg, 0.05 mmol, 0.1 equiv) was added and the solution was heated to reflux for an additional 2 h. CHCl₃ (5 mL) was added and the solution was filtered through Celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was diluted with CHCl₃(1 ml) and the tin residues were precipitated by adding Et₂O (10 mL). The mixture was filtered through Celite and the filtrate was evaporated to afford pure adamantane in quantitative yield. No traces (<1%) of stannane impurities could be detected by NMR.

EXAMPLE 9

Phosphonium Supported Carbodiimide Reagent or Scavenger (18).

Preparation of the supported carbodiimide reagent or scavenger (18) was carried out through synthesis of intermediate compound (19).

As described above, to a solution of phosphonium supported benzyl alcohol (13) (but the PF₆ salt) (17 g) in DMF was added triphenylphosphine (1.5 equiv) and CBr₄ (1.5 equiv). The mixture was stirred for 15 min at rt and NaN₃ (1.5 equiv) was then added. The reaction mixture was heated for 5 min at rt and 3 h at 60° C. Dichloromethane (700 mL) and H₂O (200 mL) were added. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (10×100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the corresponding azide (19) (20 g). Purification by flash chromatography afforded the desired compound in 90% yield, which was characterized as follows:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 8.12-8.05 (m, 2H), 7.93-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.84-7.74 (m, 6H), 7.73-7.62 (m, 11H), 7.45 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 4.40 (s, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), 147.8 (s), 138.4 (s), 136.7 (s), 135.9 (d, J=2.7 Hz), 135.1 (d, J=10.7 Hz), 134.5 (d, J=10.3 Hz), 130.8 (d, J=12.8 Hz), 129.3 (d, J=12.8 Hz), 129.2 (s), 128.1 (s), 117.7 (d, J=89.0 Hz), 115.9 (d, J=90.8 Hz), 54.4.0 (s).

³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃), 23.1, −143.9 (sept, J=713 Hz).

IR (film), 2083, 1597, 1438, 1108, 827 (P—F), cm⁻¹.

LRMS (APCI, Pos), calcd for C₃₁H₂₅N₃P₁ [M]⁺: 470.2 m/z, observed 470.1.

LRMS (APCI, Neg), calcd for PF₆ [M]⁻: 145.0 m/z, observed 145.0.

To a solution of the azide (19) (2.09 g, 3.00 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (14 mL) was added triphenylphosphine (1.5 equiv). After the addition, cyclohexylisocyanate (1.5 equiv) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min and at 50° C. for 9 h. The mixture was cooled to rt and Et₂O was added to precipitate the carbodiimide. Filtration afforded the desired reagent that was purified by repeating this solubilization (CH₂Cl₂)-precipitation (Et₂O) procedure four times. Drying of the solid led to the desired carbodiimide reagent (18) as a solid (2.17 g, 96%), which was characterized as follows:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), 8.20-8.10 (m, 2H), 7.89-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.75-7.63 (m, 17H), 7.44 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 3.21-3.11 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.43-1.45 (m, 1H), 1.16-0.86 (m, 5H).

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), 147.6 (s), 140.2 (s), 139.7 (s), 137.3 (s), 135.5 (d, J=2.5 Hz), 134.8 (d, J=10.7 Hz), 134.2 (d, J=10.3 Hz), 130.5 (d, J=12.8 Hz), 128.8 (d, J=13.2 Hz), 128.3 (s), 127.6 (s), 117.4 (d, J=89.1 Hz), 115.4 (d, J=90.9 Hz), 55.5 (s), 50.1 (s), 34.6 (s), 25.2 (s), 24.2 (s).

EXAMPLE 10

Phosphonium Supported Amine Scavenger (20).

To a solution of (12) (0.136 g, 0.25 mmol) in 0.5 mL of 1,2-dichloroethanle was added dimethylamine (0.187 mL, 1.5 equiv) followed by NaBH(OAc)₃ (74 mg, 1.4 equiv). After the addition, the solution was stirred at room temperature for 6 h. The solution was washed with 2 mL of NaHCO₃. To the organic layer was added 3 mL of MeCN and LiClO₄.3H₂O (48 mg, 0.3 mmol) and then the mixture was concentrated. The residue obtained was dissolved in 10 mL CH₂Cl₂. The CH₂Cl₂ solution was washed with 2 mL of H₂O and dried over MgSO₄. Removal of solvent gave the product (20) as a yellow-white glassy solid, which was characterized as follows:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), 8.14-8.04 (m, 2H), 7.98-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.78-7.75 (m, 6H), 7.67-7.61 (m, 11H), 7.45 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 2.28 (s, 6H).

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), 147.8 (s), 139.8 (s), 136.9 (s), 135.6 (d, J=2.5 Hz), 134.8 (d, J=10.7 Hz), 134.2 (d, J=10.3 Hz), 130.5 (d, J=12.9 Hz), 129.8 (s), 128.8 (d, J=13.2 Hz), 127.3 (s), 117.4 (d, J=89.1 Hz), 115.2 (d, J=91.0 Hz), 63.5 (s), 45.1 (s).

³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃), 23.1.

IR (film), 2769, 1596, 1437, 1080 (Cl═O), cm⁻¹.

LRMS (APCI, Pos), calcd for C₃₃H₃₁N₁P₁ [M]⁺: 472.2 m/z, observed 472.1.

EXAMPLE 11

Use of the Phosphonium Supported Amine (20) as an Acid Scavenger.

To a solution of the phosphonium supported amine perchlorate in CH₂Cl₂ was added 1 equivalent of camphorsulfonic acid. Addition of ether, followed by filtration led to a filtrate that did not contain any camphorsulfonic acid by NMR (<1%).

EXAMPLE 12

Phosphonium Supported Peptide Synthesis.

In an inert atmosphere of argon, compound (13) (1.9 g, 3.48 mmol), (L)-Boc-Ala-OH (989 mg, 5.22 mmol), and DMAP (85 mg, 0.69 mmol) were suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (7 ml). The resulting reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., and EDCI (1 g, 5.22 mmol) was added. After 1 h at 0° C., the reaction mixture was allowed to warm at r.t., and stirred for 3 h. The reaction vessel was quenched with H₂O (20 ml), and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×30 ml). The organics were washed with H₂O (2×50 ml), brine (2×50 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford a pale yellow residue. Treatment with CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O led to the desired compound (21), which was sufficiently pure to be used in the next step (2.30 g, 92%). The compound (21) was characterized as follows:

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.96-7.87 (m, CH-arom., 4 H), 7.80-7.64 (m, CH-arom., 17H), 7.43 (d, J=8.08, CH-arom., 2 H), 5.14 (d, J=7.96, OCH₂, 2H), 4.99 (br. s., NH, 1 H), 4.26 (br. q, CH-aliph., 1 H), 1.41 (s, CH₃, 9H), 1.38 (br. s, CH₃, 3H). ¹³C-NMR (50 MHz, CDCl₃): 173.60, 155.56, 148.11, 138.67, 137.06, 137.17 (d, J=1.35), 135.43 (d, J=5.30), 134.83 (d, J=5.15), 131.20 (d, J=6.40), 129.53 (d, J=6.60), 129.28, 128.19, 117.96 (d, J=44.55), 116.15 (d, J=45.45), 80.30, 66.75, 49.72, 28.72, 18.95. ³¹P-NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃): 24.14 (s).

Compound (21) (150 mg, 0.21 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1.8 ml), and TFA (0.2 ml) was slowly added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 0.5 h, and Et₂O (10 ml) was added in order to precipitate the phosphonium salt. The Et₂O phase was decanted, and the pale yellow residue was taken up with CH₂Cl₂. Treatment with Et₂O (2×) afforded the target compound (22) as a pale yellow residue (152 mg, quant.), which was characterized as follows:

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CD₂Cl₂): δ 8.13 (br. s., NH₃ ⁺, 3 H), 7.99-7.92 (m, CH-arom., 5H), 7.81-7.65 (m, CH-arom., 16 H), 7.44 (d, J=8.04, CH-arom., 2 H), 5.29 (br. s, OCH₂, 2 H), 4.07 (hr. q., CH-aliph., 1 H), 1.68 (br. d., CH₃, 3 H).

In an inert atmosphere of argon, compound (22) (900 mg, 1.23 mmol), (L)-Boc-Ala-OH (466 mg, 2.46 mmol), HOBt (332 mg, 2.46 mmol), and Hünig's base (850 μl, 4.92 mmol) were suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 ml). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 0.5 h, and then cooled to 0° C. DCC (507 mg, 2.46 mmol) was added, the reaction stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, and then allowed to warm at r.t. After 22 h, the generated white precipitate was filtered off, and washed with CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml). The organic phase was washed with H₂O (2×20 ml), brine (2×20 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford a pale yellow residue. Treatment with CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O gave rise to compound (23) as a pale yellow residue, which was sufficiently pure to be used in the next step (900 mg, 93%). The compound (23) has been characterized has follows:

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.92-7.83 (m, CH-arom., 5 H), 7.76-7.60 (m, CH-arom., 16 H), 7.42 (d, J=7.96, CH-arom., 2 H), 5.30 (br. s., NH, 2 H), 5.15 (hr. s., OCH₂, 2 H), 4.06 (br. q, CH-aliph., 2 H), 1.39 (s, CH₃, 9H), 1.29 (d, J=7.04, CH₃, 3H). ¹³C-NMR (50 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 173.02, 172.87, 155.38, 148.11, 138.56, 137.09, 136.14 (d, J=1.30), 135.38 (d, J=5.30), 134.79 (d, J=5.15), 131.17 (d, J=6.45), 129.48 (d, J=6.60), 129.21, 128.13, 117.98 (d, J=44.55), 116.14 (d, J=41.65), 80.21, 66.71, 48.60, 28.67, 18.30. ³¹P-NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 24.11 (s).

Compound (23) (755 mg, 0.95 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (8 ml), cooled to 0° C., and TFA (2 ml) was slowly added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min, and then 2 h at r.t., followed by the addition of Et₂O (30 ml) in order to precipitate the phosphonium salt.

The Et₂O phase was decanted, and the pale yellow residue was taken up with CH₂Cl₂ (just a few amount). Treatment with Et₂O (2×) afforded the target compound (24) as a pale yellow residue (765 mg, quant.). The compound (24) was characterized as follows:

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CD₂Cl₂): δ 8.04 (br. s, NH₃ ⁺, 3H), 7.99-7.91 (m, CH-arom., 5H), 7.80-7.65 (in, CH-arom., 16 H), 7.49 (d, J=8.08, CH-arom., 2 H), 5.22-5.15 (dd, J₁=12.68, J₂=12.72, OCH₂, 2 H), 4.51 (br. q, CH-aliph., 2 H), 1.41 (br. d, CH₃, 6H).

EXAMPLE 13

Cleavage of an Amino Acid from the Phosphonium Support

In an inert atmosphere of argon, the phosphonium supported N-BocAla (21) (500 mg, 0.68 mmol) and Me(MeO)NH.HCl (100 mg, 1.02 mmol) were suspended in THF (4 ml). The resulting mixture was cooled to −20° C., and i-PrMgCl (2 M in THF, 1.5 ml, 2.73 mmol) was added drop-wise. At that point, the colorless solution turned to yellow. The reaction mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 1.5 h, quenched with a sat. aq. soln. of NH₄Cl (10 ml), and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×30 ml).

The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O (2×60 ml), brine (2×60 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford a white foam. This white foam was taken up with CH₂Cl₂ (just a few amount), and washed with Et₂O (50 ml). This operation was done twice. The Et₂O phase was concentrated, affording compound (25) as a white residue, which was sufficiently pure (>95%) (130 mg, 81%). The compound (25) has been characterized as follows:

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 5.27 (d, J=8.76, NH, 1H), 4.63 (br. t, CH-alipha., 1 H), 3.68 (s, OCH₃, 3 H), 3.13 (s, CH₃, 3 H), 1.35 (s, CH₃, 9 H), 1.26 (d, J=6.92, CH₃, 3 H). ¹³C-NMR (50 MHz, CDCl₃): 174.02, 155.55, 79.82, 61.97, 46.88, 32.51, 28.72, 18.99.

EXAMPLE 14

Phosphonium Supported Peptide Synthesis

The synthesis of compound (37) is subsequently described.

In an inert atmosphere of Argon, compound (37) (868 mg, 1.33 mmol), (L)-Fmoc-Ala-OH (621 mg, 1.99 mmol), and DMAP (33 mg, 0.26 mmol) were suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (2.7 ml). The resulting white suspension was cooled to 0° C., and EDCI (382 mg, 1.99 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, and then at r.t. for 2 h. The white suspension was filtered off, and washed with CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml). The organic phase was washed with H₂O (2×30 ml), HCl 5% (1×30 ml), brine (2×30 ml), dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford the target compound (27) as a white foam. Treatment with CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O led to a white foam (1 g, 86%). The compound (27) was characterized as follows:

R_(f)=0.3 (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 19:1).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.92 (d, J=5.56, CH-arom., 2H), 7.87-7.83 (m, CH-arom, 4 H), 7.74-7.60 (m, CH-arom., 16 H), 7.56 (s, CH-arom., 2 H), 7.51 (d, J=7.64, CH-arom., 2 H), 7.35 (t, J₁=7.24, J_(2,)=7.36, CH-arom., 2 H), 7.25 (br. s, CH-arom., 5 H), 6.91 (d, J=7.92, CH-arom., 2 H), 5.58 (d, J=7.44, NH, 1 H), 5.07 (s, OCH₂, 2 H), 5.04 (s, OCH₂, 2 H), 4.38-4.23 (m, OCH₂, CH-aliph. 4 H), 1.41 (d, J=6.84, CH₃, 3 H).

Dept135 (50 MHz, CDCl₃): 136.17 (d, J=1.15, CH-arom., 3 H), 135.41 (d, J=5.30, CH-arom., 2 H), 134.81 (d, J=5.10, CH-arom., 6 H), 131.19 (d, J=6.40, CH-arom., CH-arom., 6 H), 130.53 (s, CH-arom., 2 H), 129.46 (d, J=6.60, CH-arom., 2 H), 128.63 (s, CH-arom., 2 H), 128.17 (s, CH-arom., 2 H), 127.55 (s, CH-arom., 2 H), 120.39 (s, CH-arom., 4 H), 115.31 (s, CH-arom., 4 H), 69.81 (s, OCH₂, 2 H), 67.34 (s, OCH₂, 4 H), 50.24 (s, CH-aliph., 1 H), 47.46 (s, CH-aliph., 1 H), 18.84 (s, CH₃, 3 H).

¹³C-NMR (50 MHz, CDCl₃): 173.34, 159.12, 156.17, 148.17, 144.25 (d, J=9.75), 141.63, 138.45, 138.26, 136.17 (d, J=1.15), 135.41 (d, J=5.35), 134.81 (d, J=5.10), 131.19 (d, J=6.45), 130.52, 129.46 (d, J=6.60), 128.63, 128.30, 128.17, 127.55, 120.39, 117.97 (d, J=44.55), 116.00 (d, J=45.30), 115.31, 69.81, 67.34, 50.25, 47.46, 18.84.

³¹P-NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃): 24.07 (s).

Compound (27) (200 mg, 0.21 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (0.8 ml), and cooled to 0° C. TFA (0.2 ml) was slowly added, and the resulting purple solution stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction vessel was concentrated in vacuo, and the resulting residue taken up with CH₂Cl₂ (just a few amount). The organic was treated with Et₂O (2×50 ml), and the Et₂O phases were combined, washed with a 10% aq. soln. of pyridine (100 ml), a 10% aq. soln. of HCl (2×100 ml), H₂O (2×100 ml), brine (2×100 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo affording the target compound (28) as a white residue (40 mg, 61%). The compound was compared with an authentic sample, and was in agreement.

Compound (27) (455 mg, 0.48 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (4 ml), and piperidine (1 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 h, and diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml). The organic phase was washed with H₂O (2×30 ml), brine (2×30 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford a white foam. Treatment with CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O led to the desired compound (29) as a white foam (345 mg, quant.). The compound (29) was characterized as follows:

R_(f)=0.2 (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 19:1).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.93 (d, J=5.72, CH-arom., 2 H), 7.84 (d, J=7.04, CH-arom., 3 H), 7.75 (br. s, CH-arom., 6 H), 7.70-7.61 (m, CH-arom., 10 H), 7.52 (d, J=7.16, CH-arom., 2 H), 7.26 (d, J=7.48, CH-arom., 2 H), 6.94 (d, J=7.60, CH-arom., 2 H), 5.09 (s, OCH₂, 2 H), 5.04 (s, OCH₂, 2 H), 1.60 (br. s, NH₂, 2 H), 1.28 (d, J=6.64, CH₃, 3 H).

Dept135 (50 MHz, CDCl₃): 136.15 (d, J=1.00, CH-arom., 3 H), 135.41 (d, J=5.30, CH-arom., 2 H), 134.81 (d, J=5.15, CH-arom., 6 H), 131.18 (d, J=6.40, CH-arom., 6 H), 130.47 (s, CH-arom., 2 H), 129.47 (d, J=6.60, CH-arom., 2 H), 128.59 (s, CH-arom., 2 H), 128.17 (s, CH-arom., 2 H), 115.33 (s, CH-arom., 2 H), 69.88 (s, OCH₂, 2 H), 66.77 (s, OCH₂, 2 H), 50.49 (s, CH-aliph., 1 H), 21.05 (s, CH₃, 3 H).

In an inert atmosphere of Argon, compound (29) (120 mg, 0.16 mmol), (L)-Fmoc-Ala-OH (110 mg, 0.33 mmol), HOBt (45 mg, 0.33 mmol), and Hünig's base (115 μl, 0.60 mmol) were suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (1 ml). The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., and DCC (69 mg, 0.33 mmol) was added. The resulting suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, and then allowed to warm at r.t. After 20 h, the reaction vessel was filtered off, and washed with CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml). The organics were washed with H₂O (2×30 ml), brine (2×30 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo. Treatment with CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O led to a white residue. Purification by CC (SiO₂:CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 19:1) afforded compound (30) as white residue (100 mg, 60%).

In alternative:

In an inert atmosphere of Argon, compound (29) (0.105 mmol), (L)-Fmoc-Ala-OH (49 mg, 0.157 mmol), and DMAP (2.6 mg, 0.02 mmol) were suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (0.2 ml). The resulting white suspension was cooled to 0° C., and EDCI (30 mg, 0.157 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, and then at r.t. for 2 h. The organic phase was washed with H₂O (2×30 ml), HCl 5% (1×30 ml), brine (2×30 ml), dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford the target compound (30) as a white foam. Treatment with CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O led to a white foam (67 mg, 63%). The compound (30) was characterized as follows:

R_(f)=0.2 (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 19:1).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.94-7.91 (m, CH-arom., 2 H), 7.88-7.85 (m, CH-arom., 3 H), 7.77-7.72 (m, CH-arom., 8 H), 7.70-7.61 (m, CH-arom., 10 H), 7.57 (d, J=6.56, CH-arom., 1 H), 7.51 (d, J=7.96, CH-arom., 2 H), 7.36 (t, J₁=7.36, J₂=7.28, CH-arom., 2 H), 7.29-7.24 (m, CH-arom., 4 H), 6.92 (d, J=8.08, CH-arom., 2 H), 6.76 (d, J=7.36, CH-arom., 1 H), 5.58 (br. s, NH, 2 H), 5.07 (s, OCH₂, 2 H), 5.05 (s, OCH₂, 2 H), 4.54 (br. q, CH-aliph., 2 H), 4.33 (m, OCH₂, 2 H), 4.19 (t, CH-aliph., 1 H), 1.39-1.36 (m, CH₃, 6 H).

Dept135 (50 MHz, CDCl₃): 135.42 (d, J=1.15, CH-arom., 3 H), 134.64 (d, J=5.30, CH-arom., 2 H), 134.05 (d, J=5.15, CH-arom., 6 H), 130.45 (d, J=6.40, CH-arom., 6 H), 129.68 (s, CH-arom., 2 H), 128.73 (d, J=6.60, CH-arom., 2 H), 127.84 (s, CH-arom., 2 H), 127.38 (s, CH-arom., 1 H), 127.30 (s, CH-arom., 1 H), 126.74 (s, CH-arom., 1 H), 124.86 (s, CH-arom., 2 H), 119.53 (s, CH-arom., 2 H), 114.52 (s, CH-arom., 2 H), 69.00 (s, OCH₂, 2 H), 66.61 (s, OCH₂, 2 H), 66.45 (s, OCH₂, 2 H), 50.17 (s, CH-aliph., 1 H), 48.02 (s, CH-aliph., 1 H), 46.68 (s, CH-aliph., 1 H), 17.55 (s, CH₃, 6 H).

¹³C-NMR (50 MHz, CDCl₃): 172.16, 171.90, 158.22, 156.17, 147.55, 144.25 (d, J=9.75), 141.63, 137.83, 137.38, 135.42 (d, J=1.15), 134.64 (d, J=5.30), 134.05 (d, J=5.15), 130.45 (d, J=6.40), 129.68, 128.73 (d, J=6.60), 127.84, 127.61, 127.38, 127.30, 126.74, 124.86, 119.53, 117.70 (d, J=44.55), 116.31 (d, J=45.30), 114.52, 69.00, 66.61, 66.45, 50.17, 48.02, 17.55.

EXAMPLE 15

Phosphonium Supported Amine Scavenger

To compound (19) (615 mg, 1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in, CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 mL) was added PPh₃ (393 mg, 1.5 mmol, 1.5 equiv) THF/H₂O (1.5 mL/0.1 mL). After 1 h the solution was heated to reflux for 3 h. The solution was cooled to room temperature, was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and was dried over anhydrous Na2SO₄ and was concentred under reduced pressure. The crude product was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (2 ml) and was crunched with Et₂O (10 mL) four times to afford target compound (31) (564 mg, 96%) as a solid foam. The compound (31) was characterized as follows:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), 8.18-8.11 (m, 2H), 7.93-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.76-7.71 (m, 61H), 7.68-7.60 (m, 11H), 7.41 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, 2H), 1.72 (bs, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), 148.1 (d, J=2.9 Hz), 144.4 (s), 136.7 (s), 135.7 (d, J=2.5 Hz), 135.0 (d, J=10.6 Hz), 134.4 (d, J=10.3 Hz), 130.7 (d, J=12.9 Hz), 128.9 (d, J=13.2 Hz), 128.1 (s), 127.7 (s), 117.6 (d, J=89.1 Hz), 115.3 (d, J=91.1 Hz), 45.9 (s).

³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃), 23.1, −143.9 (sept, J=713 Hz).

IR (film), 1595, 1438, 1108, 827 (P—F), cm⁻¹.

EXAMPLE 16

Phosphonium Supported Isocyanate Reagent

To triphosgene (23.7 mg, 0.08 mmol, 0.4 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.9 mL) at −10° C. was added NEt₃ (34 μL, 0.24 mmol, 1.2 equiv). After 5min a solution of compound (31) (118 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.6 mL) was added. The solution was heated to room temperature for 3 h. The was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml) and was washed with HClaq (5 mL, 1M), with water (5 mL). The organic solution was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and was concentred under reduced pressure to afford the target compound (32) (102 mg, 83%) as a solid foam. The compound (32) was characterized as follows:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), 8.15-8.10 (m, 2H), 7.87-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.76-7.62 (m, 17H), 7.41 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 4.53 (s, 2H).

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), 148.0 (d, J=2.8 Hz), 138.4 (s), 138.3 (s), 136.1 (d, J=2.5 Hz), 135.3 (d, J=10.6 Hz), 134.7 (d, J=10.2 Hz), 131.1 (d, J=12.8 Hz), 129.4 (d, J=13.2 Hz), 128.4 (s), 128.0 (s), 123.5 (s), 118.0 (d, J=89.1 Hz), 116.1 (d, J=90.8 Hz), 46.5 (s).

³¹P (162 MHZ, CDCl₃), 23.1, −143.9 (sept, J=713 Hz).

IR (film), 2923, 2260 (C═N), 1596, 1438, 1108, 827 (P—F), cm⁻¹.

EXAMPLE 17

Phosphonium Supported Linkers

To compound (13) (20.0 g, 37 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₃CN (160 mL) and H₂O (40 ml) was added KPF6 (8.2 g, 44 mmol, 1.2 equiv). After 1 h the mixture was concentred under reduced pressure and diluted with CH2Cl2 (250 mL). The resulting mixture was washed with water (75 mL). The aqueous layer was washed with CH2Cl2 (100 mL). The organic solution was washed two times with water (100 mL), was dried over MgSO₄ and concentred under reduced pressure to give (21.5 g, 99%) of pure target compound (33).

In an inert atmosphere of argon, compound (13) (5 g, 9.17 mmol), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1.68 g, 13.75 mmol), and PPh₃ (3.61 g, 13.75 mmol) were dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (100 ml). The resulting reaction mixture was cooled to −15° C., and DEAD (2.1 ml, 13.29 mmol) was slowly added. The obtained pale red solution was then stirred at r.t. for 2 h, and quenched with H₂O (100 ml). The organic phase was separated, washed with brine (2×100 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford a slightly yellow foam. Treatment with CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O led to a mixture of phosphonium salts.

At r.t., the above mixture of phosphonium salts (6 g, 9.24 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of CH₂Cl₂/MeCN (45 ml, 1:3.5), and LiClO₄ (1 g, 9.24 mmol) was added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h, and concentrated in vacuo affording a white foam. This white foam was taken up with CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml), washed with H₂O (2×50 ml), brine (2×50 ml), and concentrated in vacuo to afford a white foam. Treatment with CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O revealed the desired compound (36) as a white foam (5.6 g, 94%). The compound (36) was characterized as follows:

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 9.80 (s, 1 H), 7.95-7.53 (n, 25 H), 7.06 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.18 (s, 2H).

¹³C-NMR (50 MHz, CDCl₃): 191.36, 163.98, 148.11, 138.09, 136.16 (d, J=2.6 Hz), 135.42 (d, J=10.7 Hz), 134.81 (d, J=10.3 Hz), 132.49, 131.19 (d, J=12.9 Hz), 130.49, 129.91, 129.50 (cl, J=13.2 Hz), 128.70, 128.28, 117.97 (d, J=89.1 Hz), 116.08 (d, J=90.1 Hz), 70.11.

³¹P-NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃): 24.1.

In an inert atmosphere of Argon, compound (36) (5 g, 7.70 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (30 ml), and cooled to −78° C. NaBH₄ (350 mg, 9.24 mmol), dissolved in EtOH (10 ml) was then added, and the resulting reaction mixture warmed to 0° C. After 1.5 h, the reaction vessel was quenched with a sat. aq. soln. of NH₄Cl (50 ml), and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×50 ml). The organics were washed with H₂O (2×100 ml), brine (2×100 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford a slightly yellow foam. Purification by CC (SiO₂:CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 19:1) afforded the desired compound (37) as a white foam (2.5 g, 50%). The compound (37) was characterized as follows:

¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃): 158.19, 148.13, 138.68, 138.16, 136.15 (d, J=2.4 Hz), 135.40 (d, J=10.6 Hz), 134.79 (d, J=10.3 Hz), 134.50, 131.18 (d, J=12.8 Hz), 129.43 (d, J=13.2 Hz), 129.04, 128.57, 128.12, 117.95 (d, J=89.1 Hz), 115.52 (d, J=90.7 Hz), 69.79, 64.78.

³¹P-NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃): 24.1.

In an inert atmosphere of Argon, 3-bromophenol (17.3 g, 100 mmol), 4-fluorobenzaldehyde (10.6 ml, 100 mmol), and K₂CO₃ (powder) (16.6 g, 120 mmol) were suspended in N,N-dimethylacetamide (100 ml). The resulting suspension was refluxed (170° C.) for 14 h, cooled to r.t., quenched with H₂O (150 ml), and extracted with CHCl₃ (2×100 ml). The organics were washed with H₂O (2×200 ml), brine (2×200 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford a deep brown oil. Extraction with hexane (11), led to compound (38) as a yellow oil which was pure enough to continue (22 g, 79%). N.B.: Still the presence of N,N-dimethylacetamide. The compound (38) was characterized as follows:

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 9.89 (s, 1 H), 7.83 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.29-7.19 (m, 3 H), 7.05-6.95 (m, 3 H).

¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃): 191.05, 162.65, 156.44, 132.38, 132.18, 131.61, 128.28, 123.80, 123.47, 119,21, 118.42.

In an inert atmosphere of Argon (high flow), compound (38) (10 g, 36 mmol), PPh₃ (14.16 g, 54 mmol), and NiBr₂ (3.93 g, 18 mmol) were suspended in PhCN (360 ml). The resulting green solution was refluxed (200° C.) for 12 h, cooled to r.t., and quenched with a 10% aq. soln. of KBr (300 ml). The layers were separated, the aq. phase extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 ml), and the combined organic layers were concentrated in vacuo to afford a brown oil. This oil was taken up (in a 1 l flask) with hexane (500 ml), and rotated vigorously in order that the crude compound glues on the faces of the flask. The hexane phase was decanted revealing a thick brown oil. Treatment with CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O afforded compound (39) as a white foam (13 g, 70%). N.B.: Still the presence of N,N-dimethylacetamide. The compound (39) was characterized as follows:

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 9.86 (s, 1 H), 7.89-7.81 (m, 5 H), 7.77-7.73 (m, 7 H), 7.61-7.54 (m, 7 H), 7.43-7.36 (m, 2 H), 7.10 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H).

³¹P-NMR (122 MHz, CDCl₃): 24.1.

At r.t., compound (39) (12 g, 22.2 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of CH₂Cl₂/MeCN (110 ml, 1:3.4), and LiClO₄ (4.73 g, 44.4 mmol) was added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h, and concentrated in vacuo affording a brown foam. This foam was taken up with CH₂Cl₂ (100 ml), washed with H₂O (2×100 ml), brine (2×100 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford a brown foam. Treatment with CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O revealed the target compound (40) as a white (pale brown) foam (11.5 g, 93%).

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 9.86 (s, 1H), 7.91-7.55 (m, 19H), 7.47-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.08 (m, 2H).

³¹P-NMR (122 MHz, CDCl₃): 24.2.

In an inert atmosphere of Argon, compound (40) (10.5 g, 18.78 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (70 ml), and cooled to −78° C. NaBH₄ (852 mg, 22.53 mmol), dissolved in EtOH (20 ml) was then added, and the resulting reaction mixture warmed to 0° C. After 2 h, the reaction vessel was quenched with a sat. aq. soln. of NH₄Cl (100 ml), and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 ml). The organics were washed with H₂O (2×200 ml), brine (2×200 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford a white (slightly yellow) foam. Treatment with CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O led to the target compound (41) as a white foam (9.10 g, 86%). The compound (41) was characterized as follows:

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.86-7.81 (m, 3 H), 7.77-7.52 (m, 14 H), 7.32-7.20 (m, 3 H), 6.98-6.89 (m, 3 H), 4.60 (s, 2 H), 3.43 (bs, 1 H).

³¹P-NMR (122 MHz, CDCl₃): 24.1.

Compound (34) was prepared by coupling between 4-bromophenol and 4-fluorobenzaldehyde (see formation of 38). The compound (34) was characterized as follows:

M.p. 50-52° C.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 9.90 (s, 1H), 7.84-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.02-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.96-6.94 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), 190.7, 166.7, 158.1, 133.2, 132.1, 131.7, 122.1, 117.9, 117.7.

IR (film), 3059, 1893, 1686 (C═O), 1574, 1479, 1227, 1009 cm⁻¹.

LRMS (APCI, Pos), calcd for C₁₃H₉ ⁷⁹Br₁O₂ [M+H]⁺: 277.0 m/z, observed 276.9; calcd for C₁₃H₉ ⁸¹Br₁O₂ [M+H]⁺: 279.0 m/z, observed 278.9.

Compound (35) was prepared from compound (34) (see formation of 39).

Compound (42) was prepared by reducing compound (35) according to the same method as described for compound (41). Compound (42) was characterized as follows:

Compound (43) was prepared from 4-bromophenol and triphenylphosphine (see the synthesis of (39)) Compound (42) was characterized as follows:

LRMS (APCI, Pos), calcd for C₂₄H₂₀OP₁ [M]⁺: 355.1 m/z, observed 355.0. LRMS (APCI, Neg), calcd for ³⁵ClO₄ [M]⁻: 99.0 m/z, observed 99.1; ³⁷ClO₄ [M]⁻: 101.0 m/z, observed 101.0.

4-Bromobenzyl bromide (50 g, 200 mmol, 1.0 equiv), triphenylphosphine (57 g, 220mmol, 1.1 equiv), in CHCl₃ (400 mL, 0.5 M) was heated under reflux 4 h. The solution was cooled to room temperature and the phosphonium was crunched with Et2O (1.5 L). The crude product was diluted with CH2Cl2 (300 mL) and was crunched with Et2O (1.5 L) was filtered under Buchner and washed with Et2O (500 mL) to afford target compound (44) as a white solid (123 g, quant. yield).

To compound (44) (100 g, ca 167 mmol) suspended in THF (330 mL, 0.5 M) was added KH (9.5 g, 236 mmol, 1.4 equiv) after 1 h the mixture was cooled to 0° C. Benzaldehyde (28.0 mL, 276 mmol, 1.67 equiv) was added and the mixture was warmed to rt for 18 h. A saturated NH4Cl aqueous solution (50 mL) was carefully added and the mixture was filtered under Buchner. The filtrate was washed with CH2Cl2 (1.0 L). The organic phase was washed with water (500 mL) and dry under MgSO4. After a flash chromatography (Hexane/CH₂Cl₂, 0:100 and 20:90) the mixture of isomers (E/Z=1:0.6) (45) was obtained as a white solid (41.0 g, 95%).

To compound (45) (3.7 g, 14 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (45 mL, 0.3 M) at −78° C. was added n-BuLi (1.6 M in Hexane) (9.2 mL, 14.7 mmol, 1.05 equiv). After 45 min Ph₂PCl (2.7 mL, 14.7 mmol, 1.05 equiv) was added. After 15 min the solution was warmed to 0° C. for 30 min and was filtrated on silica gel rinse with Et₂O concentred in vacuo. To this crude phosphine (ca 14 mmol, 1.0 equiv), and compound (45) (3.7 g, 14 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in benzonitrile (50 mL, 0.28 M) was added NiBr₂ (1.5 g, 7.0 mmol, 0.5 equiv). The mixture was heated to reflux for 3 h. The solution was cooled to room temperature and a 10% (w/w) KBr aqueous solution (25 mL) was added. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was washed two times with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL).The organic solution was washed three times with water (25 mL), was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered concentred under reduced pressure. To the resulting solution was added hexane (250 mL) to precipitate the crude product. The crude product was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml) and was crunched with Et2O (100 mL). This operation was repeated two times to afford (46) as a white solid (4.5 g, 52%).

To compound (46) (3.4 g, 5.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH3CN (20 mL, 0.27 M) was added LiClO₄.3H2O (1.3 g, 7.9 mmol, 1.5 equiv). After 1 h the mixture was concentred under reduced pressure and diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL). The resulting mixture was washed with water (25 mL). The aqueous layer was washed with CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL). The organic solution was washed two times with water (10 mL), was dried over MgSO₄ and concentred under reduced pressure. Compound (46) (ca 5.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was dilute in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) and MeOH (10 mL). The resulting solution was cooled to −78° C. and O₃ was passed to sature the media then the solution and was purged with O₂ and Argon. NaBH₄ (420 mg, 14 mmol, 2.5 equiv) was added to the solution. After 30 min the solution was warmed to 0° C. for 1 h. A half saturated NH4Cl aqueous solution (10 mL) was carefully added. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed two times with CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL). The organic solution was washed three times with water (10 mL) was dried over MgSO₄ and was concentred under reduced pressure. The crude product was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) and was crunched with Et₂O (25 mL) to afford pure compound (47) as a white solid (1.8 g, 78%). Compound (47) was characterized as follows:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃/MeOH), 7.85-7.40 (m, 18H), 4.76 (s, 4H), 2.70 (bs, 2H), ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃/MeOH), 151.5 (d, J=2.6 Hz), 135.6 (d, J=2.6 Hz), 134.5 (d, J=7.7 Hz), 134.4 (d, J=6.1 Hz), 130.6 (d, J=14.4 Hz), 128.6 (d, J=15.1 Hz), 118.4 (d, J=89.1 Hz), 115.1 (d, J=91.0 Hz), 63.2 (s).

³¹P (162 MHZ, CD₂Cl₂), 22.7.

LRMS (APCI, Pos), calcd for C₂₆H₂₄O₂P₁ [M]⁺: 399.2 m/z, observed 399.0.

LRMS (APCI, Neg), calcd for ³⁵ClO₄ [M]⁻: 99.0 m/z, observed 99.0; ³⁷ClO₄ [M]⁻: 101.0 m/z, observed 101.1.

EXAMPLE 18

Phosphonium Supported Amine Reagent

In an inert atmosphere of argon (with a high flow), 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl (749 mg, 2.4 mmol, 2.0 equiv), PPh₃ (317 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1 equiv), and dry NiBr₂ (132 mg, 0.60 mmol, 0.5 equiv) were suspended in PhCN (6.7 mL, 0.3 M). The resulting green reaction mixture was stirred at 200° C. for 2 h, and then cooled to r.t. The deep green reaction vessel was quenched with a 10% aq. soln. of KBr (10 ml), and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×7 ml). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O (2×5 ml), dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford a brown oil. The resulting brown oil was taken up (in a flask) with hexane (65 ml), and the crude product glued on the faces of the flask as a thick oil. The hexane layer was separated, and this operation was carried out twice. The resulting thick oil was taken up with CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), and Et₂O (20 ml) was added in order to precipitate the phosphonium salt. The flask was rotated vigorously, and the organic phase was decanted. This operation was done twice, affording the desired compound (48) as a yellow residue, which was pure enough to continue (427 mg, 59%), has been characterized has follows:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.80-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.75-7.12 (m, 19H), 7.10 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 146.4 (s), 137.6 (s), 135.4 (d, J=2.5 Hz), 134.6 (d, J=10.7 Hz), 133.8 (d, J=10.2 Hz), 131.8 (s), 130.5 (d, J=12.8 Hz), 128.9 (s), 128.6 (d, J=13.3 Hz), 123.1 (s), 116.8 (d, J=90.8 Hz), 115.4 (d, J=89.0 Hz).

In a 25 mL flask, (48) (594 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1 equiv) was dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (2.5 mL) and dioxane (5 mL). Then, 3-Pyridylboronic acid (synthesis: Danheiser, R. L. Organic Synthesis, 81, 89-97) (210 mg, 0.54 mmol, 0.54 equiv) and a Na₂CO₃ aqueous solution (3.7 ml, 2 M, 7.4 equiv) were added. The solution was reflux for 30 minutes under argon and then cooled to room temperature. Pd(OAc)₂ (2.2 mg, 0.01 mmol, 0.01 equiv) and (o-tolyl)₃P (12.5 mg 0.04 mmol, 0.04 equiv) were dissolved in degassed dioxane (1 mL) and transfer to the reaction flask. The solution was reflux for 2 hours under argon. The solution was cooled to room temperature, was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) and washed with a satured NaHCO₃ aqueous solution (5 ml). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentred. The product was purified by filtration on a small pad of silica gel (MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ 3:97) to afford the target compound (49) (461 mg, 78%) as a solid foam. Compound (49) was characterized as follows:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 8.83 (s, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.01-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.86-7.78 (m, 4H), 7.76-7.69 (m, 18H), 7.41 (m, 1H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 149.0 (s), 148.3 (s), 147.6 (s), 138.7 (s), 138.0 (s), 135.9 (s), 135.7 (s), 135.2 (d, J=10 Hz), 134.6 (d, J=10 Hz) 130.9 (d, J=13 Hz), 129.2 (d, J=13 Hz), 128.4 (s), 128.1 (s), 123.9 (s), 117.8 (d, J=89 Hz), 115.9 (d, J=91 Hz).

³¹P (162 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 22.8.

EXAMPLE 19

Phosphonium Supported Oxidizing Reagent

To a 25 mL flask, Triphosgene (178 mg, 0.6 mmol, 0.6 equiv) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (2.0 mL) and cooled to −20° C. and Pyridine (162 μL, 2.0 mmol, 2 equiv) was added dropwise. OH-TEMPO (345 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) and slowly transfer to the reaction flask. After 15 min the solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. (7) (467 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1 equiv) and Pyridine (324 μL, 4 mmol, 4 equiv) were added and the solution was stirred for 3 h. The solution was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) and washed with H₂O (10 ml). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentred and was crunched with Et₂O (30 ml) four times to afford pure compound (50) (595 mg, 90%) as a solid foam.

Treatment of compound (50) by phenylhydrazine afforded compound (51):

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.87-785 (m, 3H), 7.74-7.63 (m, 8H), 7.61-7.57 (m, 8H), 5.27 (s, 2H), 4.90 (m, 1H), 1.99 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 2H), 1.63 (t, J=11.5 Hz, 2 H), 1.21 (s, 6H), 1.18 (s, 6 H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 153.4 (s), 143.0 (s), 135.1 (s), 134.0 (d, J=10 Hz), 133.6 (d, J=10.2 Hz), 130.1 (d, J=12.8 Hz), 128.7 (d, J=13 Hz), 116.5 (d, J=91 Hz), 116.4 (d, J=89 Hz), 70.3 (s), 67.1 (s), 59.8 (s), 42.4 (s), 30.5 (s), 19.8 (s).

EXAMPLE 20

Phosphonium Supported Spiro Compound

To 2,2′-diiodo-3-methoxybiphenyl (335 mg, 0.77 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in Et2O (4 mL) at −78° C., was added n-BuLi (1.1 mL, 1.54 mmol, 1.4 M in hexane, 4.0 equiv). After 15 min the solution was warmed to 0° C. for 15 min and to room temperature for 30 min. Triphenyl phosphate (125 mg, 0.385 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in Et₂O (0.5 mL) was added to the solution and after 15 min the resulting mixture was refluxed for 8 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature concentred in vacuo, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) and cooled to 0° C. HI (0.6 mL, 57% in water) was added and the solution was warmed to room temperature for 15 min. CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL) and water (5 mL) were added. The organic phase was washed with a saturated NaHCO3 aqueous solution (5 mL) dry under MgSO₄ and concentred in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, 0:100-5:95) to afford pure compound (52) (157 mg, 78%) as a solid foam. Compound (52) was characterized as follows:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), 8.17 (dd, J_(H-H)=7.7 Hz, J_(P-H)=3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (t, J_(H-H)=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.91-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.77 (dd, J_(H-H)=7.6 Hz, J_(P-H)=2.9 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (td, J_(H-H)=7.5 Hz, J_(P-H)=4.7 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (dd, J_(P-H)=11.5 Hz, J_(H-H)=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.06(t, J_(H-H)=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (s, 6H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), 162.9 (d, J=4.1 Hz), 147.1(d, J=18.9 Hz), 145.5(d, J=21.7 Hz), 140.6 (d, J=1.2 Hz), 136.7 (d, J=2.0 Hz), 131.2 (d, J=12.7 Hz), 131.0 (d, J=12.5 Hz), 124.3 (d, J=10.6 Hz), 117.4 (d, J=94.5 Hz), 116.4 (d, J=10.5 Hz), 113.7 (d, J=6.9 Hz), 101.7 (d, J=98.8 Hz), 53.6 (s).

EXAMPLE 21

Phosphonium Supported Oxidizing Reagent

PPh₄RuO₄ was synthesized according a procedure related in Inorg. Chem. 1993, 32, 268-271.

Oxidation of Cinnamyl Alcohol by PPh₄RuO₄\NMO System

The oxidation was executed according the procedure related in J. Chem. Soc., Chem, Comm. 1987, 1625-1627.

To a 10 mL flask, cinnamyl alcohol (67 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1 equiv) was dissolved, under argon, in CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL, 0.2M) containing both the 4 Å sieves and N-methyl morpholine N-oxide (NMO) (88 mg, 0.75 mmol, 1.5 equiv). After stirring the solution for 10 min, PPh₄RuO₄ (12.5 mg, 0.025 mmol, 0.05 equiv) was added and the solution was stirred overnight. The solution was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) and washed with a saturated aqueous Na₂SO₃ solution (10 ml), brine (10 ml) and a saturated CuSO₄ aqueous solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered on celite, concentred. The phosphonium was crunched with Et₂O (20 ml) to afford a PPh₄RuO₄ precipitate (9.7 mg). The Et₂O layer was evaporated to afford the cinnamaldehyde (54 mg, 81%). The PPh₄RuO₄ precipitate (9.7 mg) was reused in the same condition to afford the cinnamaldehyde (49 mg, 73%).

While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth, and as follows in the scope of the appended claims. 

1. A compound of formula (VA):

wherein each of said A independently represents a furyl, phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, or a thiophenyl; each of said A is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3 substituent(s) selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, —OH , —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; Z represents a phenyl that is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3 substituent(s) selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, —OH , —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; R² is Br, N₃, OH, CH₂OH, COOH, CHO, N═C═O, CH═CH₂, a linking moiety or a chemical reagent selected from the group consisting of an amine reagent, a catalyst, a coupling reagent, a ligand, a chiral ligand, a phosphine reagent, a tin reagent, a silicon reagent, a boron reagent, an oxidizing reagent, and a scavenger; X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, RuO₄ ⁻, N(SO₂CF₃)₂ ⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻, a conjugate base of an organic acid, an acetate and, an amino acid carboxylate, L² is a linker selected from the group consisting of

m is an integer having a value of 1 to 8; and q is an integer having a value of 0 to 6, an optically active isomer thereof, or a racemic mixture thereof.
 2. A compound of formula (VA):

wherein each of said A independently represents a furyl, phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, or a thiophenyl; each of said A is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3 substituent(s) selected from the group consisting of, a halogen atom, —OH , —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; Z represents a phenyl that is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3 substituent(s) selected from the group consisting of, a halogen atom, —OH , —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; R² is Br, N₃, OH, CH₂OH, COOH, CHO, N═C═O, CH═CH₂, a linking moiety or a chemical reagent selected from the group consisting of an amine reagent, a catalyst, a coupling reagent, a ligand, a chiral ligand, a phosphine reagent, a tin reagent, a silicon reagent, a boron reagent, an oxidizing reagent, and a scavenger; X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, RuO₄ ⁻, N(SO₂CF₃)₂ ⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻, a conjugate base of an organic acid, an acetate and, an amino acid carboxylate, L² is a chemical bond or a linker selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S—, alkyl aklkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl , C₂-C₆ alkynyl ,

m is an integer having a value of 1 to 8; and q is an integer having a value of 0 to 6, an optically active isomer thereof, or a racemic mixture thereof.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein each of said A represent an unsubstituted phenyl group.
 4. The compound of claim 2, wherein R² is an amine reagent of formula

wherein R³ and R⁴ the are same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl and; or R³ and R⁴ are joined together to from a 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic ring.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is a ruthenium catalyst suitable for olefin metathesis reactions.
 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of

wherein R₅ is cylohexyl; R₆ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl and C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl; and T is selected from the group consisting of Br, Cl, I and OTf.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is a phosphine reagent selected from the group consisting of

wherein R⁷ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl, a C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, or a phenyl group, or substituted phenyl, said phenyl being substituted by halogen atom, —OH, —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, or C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl.
 8. The compound of claim 7, wherein R⁷ is a methyl group or a phenyl group.
 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is a tin reagent selected from the group consisting of

wherein T² is H, Br, Cl or OTf; and R⁸ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is a coupling reagent selected from the group consisting of

wherein R⁹ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₅-C₇ cycloalkyl.
 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is a ligand selected from the group consisting of bipyridines and bis(quinolines).
 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is a chiral ligand selected form the group consisting of oxazolines, bis(oxazolines), phosphines, N-heterocyclic carbenes, substituted binaphthols, 1,2-diols, 1,3-diols, 1,4-diols.
 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is a scavenger selected from the group consisting of aldehydes, tertiary amines and sulfonic acids.
 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is a linking moiety selected from the group consisting of

wherein r is an integer having a value of 0 to
 6. 15. The compound of claim 2, wherein L² is a linker selected from the group consisting of

wherein m is an integer having a value of 1 to 8 and q is an integer having a value of 0 to
 6. 16. The compound of claim 2, wherein R² is an amine reagent of formula:


17. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is an oxidizing reagent of formula:


18. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is a silicon reagent of formula:

wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are same or different and selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl and phenyl.
 19. The compound of claim 2, wherein, each of said A is an unsubstituted phenyl, and X⁻ is ClO₄ ⁻ or PF₆ ⁻.
 20. The compound of claim 2, wherein, each of said A is an unsubstituted phenyl, Z is an unsubstituted phenyl and X⁻ is ClO₄ ⁻ or PF₆ ⁻.
 21. The compound of claim 1, wherein X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of F⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, RuO₄ ⁻, N(SO₂ ₂CF₃)₂ ⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻, a conjugate base of an organic acid, an acetate and, an amino acid carboxylate.
 22. The compound of claim 1, wherein said A are all the same and said A represent an unsubstituted phenyl or a phenyl monosubstituted with a halogen atom, —OH , —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, _(C) ₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, or C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; R² is Br, N₃, OH, CH₂OH, COOH, CHO, CH═CH₂, a linking moiety or a chemical reagent selected from the group consisting of an amine reagent, a catalyst, a coupling reagent, a ligand, a chiral ligand, a phosphine reagent, a tin reagent, a silicon reagent, a boron reagent, an oxidizing reagent, and a scavenger; and X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, an organic acid, an acetate and an amino acid carboxylate.
 23. The compound of claim 2, wherein X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, an organic acid, an acetate and an amino acid carboxylate.
 24. The compound of claim 2, wherein X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, and BH₄ ⁻.
 25. The compound of claim 1, wherein X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, RuO₄ ⁻, N(SO₂CF₃)₂ ⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻, a conjugate base of an organic acid, an acetate and, an amino acid carboxylate.
 26. The compound of claim 7, wherein X⁻is selected from the group consisting of ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, RuO₄ ⁻, N(SO₂CF₃)₂ ⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻, a conjugate base of an organic acid, an acetate and, an amino acid carboxylate.
 27. The compound of claim 13, wherein X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, RuO₄ ⁻, N(SO₂CF₃)₂ ⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻, a conjugate base of an organic acid, an acetate and, an amino acid carboxylate.
 28. The compound of claim 14, wherein X⁻ is selected from the group consisting of ClO₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, N₃ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BH₄ ⁻, RuO₄ ⁻, N(SO₂CF₃)₂ ⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻, a conjugate base of an organic acid, an acetate and, an amino acid carboxylate.
 29. A compound chosen from


30. A compound chosen from

wherein X⁻ is ClO₄ ⁻ or PF₆ ⁻—.
 31. A compound of formula

wherein T² is H, Br, Cl or OTf; X⁻ is ClO₄ ⁻ or PF₆ ⁻; and R⁸ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 32. The compound of claim 31, wherein said compound is of formula

wherein T² is Br or Cl; X⁻ is ClO₄ ⁻ or PF₆ ⁻; and R⁸ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 33. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is an amine reagent of formula

wherein R³ and R⁴ the are same or different and are selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, and C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; or R³ and R⁴ are joined together to from a 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic ring.
 34. The compound of claim 2, wherein R² is a ruthenium catalyst suitable for olefin metathesis reactions.
 35. The compound of claim 34, wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of

wherein R₅ is cyclohexyl; R₆ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl and C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl; and T is selected from the group consisting of Br, Cl, I and OTf.
 36. The compound of claim 2, wherein R² is a phosphine reagent selected from the group consisting of

wherein R⁷ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl, a C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, or a phenyl group, or substituted phenyl, said phenyl being substituted by halogen atom, —OH , —SH, —OMe, —SMe, —SPh, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl, C₆ ₋C₂₀ aralkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ heteroaryl, C₁-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, or C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl.
 37. The compound of claim 36, wherein R⁷ is a methyl group or a phenyl group.
 38. The compound of claim 2, wherein R² is a tin reagent selected from the group consisting of

wherein T² is H, Br, Cl or OTf; and R⁸ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 39. The compound of claim 2, wherein R² is a coupling reagent selected from the group consisting of

wherein R⁹ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₅-C₇ cycloalkyl.
 40. The compound of claim 2, wherein R² is a ligand selected from the group consisting of bipyridines and bis(quinolines).
 41. The compound of claim 2, wherein R² is a chiral ligand selected form the group consisting of oxazolines, bis(oxazolines), phosphines, N-heterocyclic carbenes, substituted binaphthols, 1,2-diols, 1,3-diols, and 1,4-diols.
 42. The compound of claim 2, wherein R² is a scavenger selected from the group consisting of aldehydes, tertiary amines and sulfonic acids.
 43. The compound of claim 2, wherein R² is a linking moiety selected from the group consisting of

wherein r is an integer having a value of 0 to
 6. 44. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is an amine reagent of formula:


45. The compound of claim 2, wherein R² is an oxidizing reagent of formula:


46. The compound of claim 2, wherein R² is a silicon reagent of formula:

wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are same or different and selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl and phenyl. 